Mfundo onyenga amene anasintha dziko

Kutembenukira ku mbiriyakale, mudzapeza: mfundo n'ngwokayikitsa n'kuchoka monga choonadi chenicheni kuposa kamodzi. Ndipotu, pali maganizo ambiri ndi sayansi "atulukira" kuti kamodzi analowa maganizo a anthu osokera. Komanso, ena mwa iwo okha akhala sanatanthauziridwe, komanso m'mavuto aakulu sizingasinthe. Nazi 9 mfundo zabodza kuti kamodzi anasintha dziko.

1. zina zachilengedwe zopanda malire

Tsopano ulendo kudutsa United States - si akutukwana. Monga momwe m'maso - msewu ndipo msewu zina mabasi. Koma m'mayiko amenewa anayang'ana zaka zingapo zapitazo? Ng'ombe ya njati mu malo ambirimbiri a mbalame za kutchire ndi nkhalango zobiriwira ... Kumwamba Padziko Lapansi? Inde, iye ali kumeneko, mpaka tsiku lina kunabwera ku Europe kukawononga.

America anakaonekera atsamunda m'mphepete mwa kuchuluka sangaganize. Mwina zomwe adawona chidwi moti analenga nthano zawo: m'deralo chuma wobadwa sangathe wotopa. Anthu amene musazengereze anapha beavers, mphalapala, amphaka ndi kubala anthu onse. minda zakutchire ndi nkhalango zawonongedwa, anthu njati ali utachepa kuchoka 60 miliyoni kwa zikwi, ndi njiwa anamwalira kunja.

Kumene, panali anthu osunga amene anamenya chithandizo woipitsitsawu nyama ndi zomera. Mwina, zinali zovuta, chifukwa chiyani anthu safuna yomweyo kuzindikira wrongfulness. Lang'anani, ndi nthano chuma sizidzatha achilengedwe zachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha m'mapaki ambiri national mu United States.

2. Chikhalidwe cha munthu akhoza kuzindikiridwa ndi maonekedwe

Sitifunikira yosanthula chizindikiro cha munthu pa maziko a deta ake akunja, ife kubwerera ife panopa mu lipoti ili kapena ayi. Ndicho chifukwa zisudzo ngati Jason Statham mu filimu ndi ankaimba zilembo zofanana. Ndipotu, maonekedwe ndi khalidwe siziyenderana, ndi cholakwa tiyenera otsatira a physiognomy.

The sayansi ya kudziŵa makhalidwe a munthu anayambitsa kalekale. Choncho, Pythagoras anakana kutenga ana anthu ngati iwo anayang'ana opusa, ndi Aristotle yotakata nkhope chizindikiro cha pafupi openga. Bwino kukonza chakudya yaikulu ya physiognomy mu XVII m'ma Italy dokotala Giambattista Della Porta, ichi ndi chifukwa china chimene ife tiri tsopano chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mphuno ndi mkamwa kapena amatha m'kagulu munthu kuti snobs ndi zitsiru.

Komabe, mavuto kwambiri kafukufuku nakantha criminologist ndi zamaganizo Cesare Lombroso m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Zigawenga, ankakhulupirira wasayansi, ndi zina deta kunja. Choncho, zibwano chachikulu ndi otsika uthengawo kale amasonyeza titadziwa zizolowezi chigawenga. Ndi chifukwa cha chiphunzitso cha Dr. Lombroso mu chikumbumtima anthu mpaka kalekale zinazika mizu lingaliro wokhala kuti woweruzayo munthu angathe ndipo ayenera kuonekera.

3. zofukiza ndi zimene zimayambitsa matenda

Nkomwe kuti mungafunitsitse kuti mu London XIX atumwi. Mu 1830 matenda enaake a pakhungu, fuluwenza ndi kolera kwenikweni anawononga mzinda. zinthu kwambiri moti ngakhale makalasi chapamwamba anayamba kuona zimene dothi osauka moyo. chifukwa panali chiphunzitso miasma. Malinga ndi iye, nthenda na kufa anachititsa kununkha wochokera nkhani decomposing organic. Ndithudi, izo zinali zosokoneza, koma yathandiza zabwino pa dziko lonse.

Chifukwa cha chiphunzitso miasma mu London zinthu mwaukhondo akhala kwambiri bwino. Mwachibadwa, zimenezi sizinachitike mwadzidzidzi. Luso anali yoyamba zinthu ziti m'gulu mbiri Wamkulu kununkha. Hot yotentha 1858 Thames, zomwe kawirikawiri kugwa zinyansi ku mafakitare zophera ndi ndowe, anayamba kufalitsa kununkha mumamva, kukakamiza anthu kuti asiye London, ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti atenge kusankha pangozi. Posachedwa ku likulu la dongosolo latsopano zimbudzi analengedwa, ndi matenda ndi imfa zathaŵa misewu.

Miasma chiphunzitso anali akutsutsa yekha mu 1892, pamene kolera miliri Hamburg chiyani kufalikira kwa London, ngakhale mpweya pano "onunkhira". Mwina, ngati lingaliro anthu a Dr. John Snow, amene ankaona mu 1854 kuti kolera anachititsa kachilombo madzi akumwa kuchokera Thames.

4. kumwamba Mkhristu alipo pa dziko lapansi

Mfundo za ufumu Mkhristu wa Prester John anabadwa mu Europe mu 1145, ndipo ngati inu m'masiku amenewo, ichinso ndikufuna kukhala kumeneko. Malinga ndi nthano, mu ufumu Mkhristu anali milandu ndi zosowa zina, kupsa mtima, dumbo, ndipo ali ndi pansi pa mitsinje anali miyala yamtengo wapatali. Komabe, vuto limodzi m'paradaiso akalipo: ankakhala ndi achikunja ndi mbuli, ndipo iwo analibe cholinga china koma kuti tikafunkhe izo. Kupeza ndi kuteteza ufumu lanthano, ku Ulaya anapita ku maulendo ambirimbiri kuti Asia ndi Africa. Nkosafuna kunena kuti apeze Mkhristu Shambhala ndi Mfumu yake beleaguered kwenikweni nkhondo wamagazi a chipembedzo?

5. zinthu zinayi kulamulira thupi

ochiritsa Greek ankakhulupirira kuti munthu analengedwa wa zinthu zinayi: magazi, phlegm, wakuda ya ndulu ndi chikasu. Vital timadziti, monga iwo woyitanidwa, zikugwirizana zinthu zinayi: mpweya, madzi, dziko ndi moto. amanena mu thupi la munthu alinga mtundu wa makhalidwe. Choncho, predominance wa ya ndulu chikasu anamuika choleric, wakuda - melancholic, ntchofu - phlegmatic, ndi magazi - sanguine. Pamene bwino pakati pawo wasweka, anakhulupirira Agiriki akale, anthu amadwala.

Chiphunzitso ichi chinali mfundo zapadera, n'zosadabwitsa kuti yathandiza kwambiri mankhwala a m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Kubwezeretsa bwino timadziti kwambiri ndipo adzachira anthu kusintha makhalidwe, utisambitsa thupi mothandizidwa ndi enemas komanso kuchita magazi m'mitsempha. The njira yomaliza ya mankhwala anali oopsa kwambiri. Monga matenda owononga yokha, ankati miyoyo ya anthu ambiri a anthu. Mmodzi wa iwo, mwina, anaonekera Dzhordzh Vashington. Pa mankhwala, magazi-Kulola, chimene chinali kuthetsa laryngitis ndi chibayo, pulezidenti US koyamba mu tsiku pasanathe anataya 40% ya magazi ndi anamwalira mwadzidzidzi.

6. Munthu mukalandire moyo wosatha kudzera mwa elixir ndi

Kuti osafa, asayansi ntchito oposa zaka. Polenga elixir aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino, iwo kusakaniza zinthu zosiyana, ndi zipatso za zatsopano chawo chinayesedwa pa iwo wokha, kawirikawiri chifukwa cha imfa yawo. Mu 850, ndi alchemist ya Mafumu Tang adalenga chinthu chachilendo wa malasha, saltpeter ndi sulfure. Inde, sanali kumpatsa moyo wosatha, koma anachita chinachake n'kofunika. "Mankhwala a matenda kusafa" anatentha nyumba yake ndi kuonongeka khungu la manja ndi nkhope. Mwamwayi, alchemist anatulukira chilinganizo kupanga ufa. Motero, iye sikuti kukwaniritsa chosafa, komanso analenga wakupha weniweni, chifukwa cha zimene nkhondo lotsatira anakhala zambiri wamagazi.

7. diso la munthu kuwala, kulola kuona dziko

Asayansi Greek kuti anadziŵa chiphunzitso lonse, akuyesera kuti afotokoze mmene maso athu amagwirira ntchito. Malinga ndi iye, mwa iwo ndi moto umene anthu ndi akalipo. maso, Agiriki akale kukangana zimatulutsa kuwala, kuphatikiza ndi malo achilengedwe kumangako ndi kunja kwa moyo wa dziko.

Chiphunzitsochi wachita kale anazindikira monga sayansi Anakhalanso maziko a zikhulupiriro za diso loipa - pamaso, angathe anakhumudwitsa kulephera, vuto ngakhale tsoka. Iwo aloŵa mu pafupifupi onse zikhalidwe ndi zipembedzo, kuphatikizapo Islam ndi Chikhristu. Kulikonse kumene inu kuchitika kuti, kaya ndi Eastern Europe kapena Asia, ndi diso zoyipa nthawi zonse adzakhala zithumwa anapezeka ndi mfiti. Amazipanga, m'zaka XXI, tipitirize kutetezedwa. Kaya m'pofunika Pankhaniyi konse kuyang'ana pa wina ndi mzake?

8. Kuchita ulimi amachititsa mvula

Kodi munaonapo zithunzi za American Pakati Chakumadzulo wa XX atumwi? Monga ulamuliro, iwo ali kanthu koma youma dziko yafumbi. Iwo anayamba kuoneka pambuyo pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi kubwerera kwa alimi kwa anayeza moyo wakumudzi.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1865 mpaka 1875 mu Pakati Chakumadzulo zayamba nthano ina: anthu ambiri ntchito, m'pamenenso anayamba mvula. Tinakambirana za izo zonse - kuchokera atolankhani andale ndi asayansi. Komabe, kupitiriza ntchito pa ulimi chilala, alimi osati sanazichite mvula, komanso anawononga topsoil. Zotsatira za njira pachithunzichi wa kulima dziko anakhala fumbi mikuntho ya 1930s, ndi malo kamodzi chonde chasanduka mu akumane kwambiri alimi malo.

9. North Pole - ndi Edeni

Lero, ndi thandizo la "Google Earth" aliyense amaufufuza mbali iliyonse ya padziko lapansi. Komabe, zaka zingapo zapitazo, anthu analibe Mapulogalamu amenewo ndi maganizo olakwika okhudza zimene zikuwoneka ngati, mwachitsanzo, wa North Pole, ndi kuganiza, monga wakhala anasonyeza mobwerezabwereza mwa mbiriyakale, - chinthu chowopsya.

Ofufuza za m'ma XVI, limatithandiza nyanja ofunda. Ice pa North Pole sanali, iwo anakhulupirira. Ndipotu, akanakhala kusungunuka mu masiku kumalo ozizira ndipo sanathe zinakhazikitsidwa ku saltwater chachikulu floes ayezi. Travel kudutsa Pole North ankaoneka ofufuza opandamantha zosavuta ulendo, koma wotsatira zaka zingapo, iwo ali chabe akuyesera kuti afikitse kwa iye.

Mu 1879, nkhani kumalo ozizira Edene inatha. Mwamwayi, palibe nyanja ofunda kulibe, ndi chiyembekezo chowala zawonongedwa pambuyo maulendowa yoopsya ya George Washington DeLong.