Minofu yosawerengeka. Mitundu ya matenda a thupi la munthu

Zamoyo zonse, kupatulapo algae, zimakhala ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Minofu ya chamoyo ndi mndandanda wa maselo omwe ali ofanana ndi mawonekedwe, ogwirizana ndi ntchito yamba. Kotero, iwo ndi chiyani?

Matenda a masamba

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo:

• Maphunziro;
• Basic;
• Cholinga;
• Kukonza;
• Mankhwala.

Onsewo amakwaniritsa ntchito zawo. Mwachitsanzo, maphunziro amapereka kukula kwa chomera, ndipo kuchokera mmenemo mitundu yonse ya tizilombo amapangidwa. Minofu yosakanikirana imapanga chitetezo. Kuphatikizanso apo, kuyendetsa gasi kumachitika mwa izo. Kuwongolera kumapereka zinthu kuchokera mmera. Nsalu ya makina imathandizanso kuteteza. Lilipo mu zomera zokhala ndi zinyalala zimayambira. Zomwe thupi limagwiritsa ntchito ndizofunikira kupanga mapangidwe ndi zakudya zowonjezera.

Matenda a thupi la munthu

Pali mitundu yambiri ya zinyama za nyama, zomwe zimagawidwa kukhala zamoyo.

Chiwalo cha nyama chimamangidwa ndi mitundu inayi ya ziphuphu:

• Mpweya;
• Muscular;
• Mantha;
• Wogwirizana.

Mitundu yonse ya tizilombo ya thupi la munthu imagawanika kukhala mitundu. Tiyeni tione bwinobwino aliyense wa iwo.

Epithelium: mitundu ndi ntchito

Zamoyo za mtundu umenewu zimakhala zoteteza kwambiri.

Epithelium, choyamba, ingagawidwe kukhala yodetsedwa ndi yowonjezera. Poyamba pali mzere umodzi wa maselo omwe ali pafupi. Yachiŵiri ili ndi maselo angapo a maselo.

Maonekedwe a maselo amasiyanitsa pakati pa mapuloteni, a cubic ndi a cylindrical epithelium. Malinga ndi zomwe zimachitika minofu, ciliary, glandular and sensitive, kapena sensory epithelium, ndipadera.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitsempha ya epithelial imapezeka m'magulu osiyanasiyana a nyama ndi anthu. Choncho, pakhomo pakhomo pakhomo pamphuno, pamphuno, impso, mimba, m'mimba komanso matumbo. Mphepete mwa ciliated epithelium imakhala mkati mwa mpweya wopuma, kumverera (kumverera) - mumtambo wamphongo, wamtundu - m'matope.

Matenda a mitsempha: khalidwe

Minofu ya m'magazi ya thupi la munthu imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:

• Minofu yowonongeka;
• Minofu yosasangalatsa;
• Cardiac musculature.

Maselo a minofu ya minofu amatchedwa myocytes, kapena fibers. Mitundu ya mitunduyi imachepetsedwa chifukwa cha zomwe zili m'maselo a mapuloteni ovomerezeka: actin ndi myosin.

Mitsempha yozungulirayo imakhala ndi michere yochepa yambirimbiri ndi nuclei zingapo komanso mitochondria, zomwe zimapatsa selo mphamvu. Mitundu iyi ya minofu imapangidwa. Ntchito yawo yaikulu ndiyo kusunthira thupi mlengalenga. Angathenso kutenga chitetezo. Izi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, ku minofu ya m'mimba, yomwe imateteza ziwalo zathu kuti zisapweteke.

Minofu yosasinthasintha, mosiyana ndi minofu yokhayokha, sangathe kulamulidwa mosamala. Matenda amenewa a thupi la munthu amavala ziwalo zina, monga matumbo, chiberekero. Ndiponso, zimakhala ndi timatenda ta mitsempha yozungulira, ndi dzenje losatseka. Nyama zili ndi apopugeal sphincters, pylorus, angapo aphincters a duodenum; Sphincters Oddi, Mirizzi, Lutkens ndi Helly, omwe ali m'ziwalo za pancreatic system; Sphincters wa m'matumbo akulu, komanso urethral sphincters. Kuwonjezera apo, nyama ndi anthu ali ndi pupillary sphincter, chifukwa chake chimachepa ndi kuwonjezeka. Minofu yosalala imakhala ndi maselo ofiira ophwanyika okhala ndi mutu umodzi. Kuchepetsa minofu ya mtundu uwu sikuthamanga ndi yogwira ngati mizere yophatikizapo.

Minofu ya mtima imakhala yofanana ndi yonse yolimbana ndi mizere. Monga yosalala, munthu wake sangathe kulamulira mosamala. Komabe, amatha kuthamanga mofulumira komanso mwakhama ngati mizere yozungulira. Mitundu ya minofu ya mtima, yopanga minofu yamphamvu.

Minofu ya mitsempha

Sichigawidwa kukhala zamoyo. Maselo oterewa amatchedwa neurons. Zimapangidwa ndi thupi ndi njira zingapo: imodzi yayitali yaitali ndi madontho angapo ochepa. Kuphatikiza pa neurons, neuroglia imapezekanso mu minofu ya neural. Zimapangidwa ndi maselo ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi ziphuphu zambiri. Neuroglia imathandizira, imapereka selo ndi mphamvu, ndipo imapanganso zinthu zinazake zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitsempha yakhazikitsidwe.

Matenda ogwirizana: mitundu, ntchito, kapangidwe

Mtundu uwu uli ndi mitundu yambiri:

• Dothi fibrous;
• Minofu yosavuta;
• Magazi;
• Lymph;
• Mafupa;
• Chokhalira;
• Mafuta;
• Zosakaniza (mesh).

Ngakhale kuti onsewa ndi ogwirizana, izi zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomangamanga komanso ntchito. Kufanana kwakukulu kwa zida zonsezi ndi kukhalapo kwa mankhwala ambiri. Ganizirani za mitundu yambiri ya mawonekedwe ogwirizana.

Minofu yosawerengeka: zizindikiro

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito. Minofu yosawerengeka imapanga ziwalo za hematopoiesis. Lili ndi maselo omwe maselo amagazi amapangidwa . Mitundu yambiri ya minofu imakhala ndi mafupa ofiira - ndiwo mbali yaikulu ya anthu ndi nyama, komanso ntchentche ndi maselo amphongo.

Minofu yodabwitsa imakhala ndi maonekedwe ovuta. Amakhala ndi maselo osakanikirana (reticulocytes) ndi zowonongeka. Maselo a minofuyi ali ndi phokoso lowala ndi phokoso la oval. Pamwamba pake, ili ndi njira zingapo, kudzera mwa maselo omwe amalumikizana wina ndi mzake ndikupanga chinachake ngati chingwe. Mitundu yambiri yamtunduwu imakhalanso ngati mawindo, nthambi komanso kugwirizana. Motero, makina opangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamodzi ndi gulu la reticulocytes amapanga ziphuphu za ziwalo zamatenda.

Reticulocytes amatha kukhala pamtunda wa makina ndipo amasiyanitsa ku macrophages kapena maselo a hematopoietic. Macrophages ndi maselo apadera a magazi oyera omwe ali mbali ya gulu la phagocyte. Amatha kuchita phagocytosis - kutenga ndi kuyamwa kwa particles, kuphatikizapo maselo ena. Ntchito yaikulu ya macrophages ndikumenyana ndi mabakiteriya, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ma protozoa.

Matenda ndi mitsempha yambiri

Iwo amateteza komanso kuthandizira ntchito m'thupi. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti mankhwalawa ali olimba, makamaka ali ndi zinthu zakuthupi. Ma maselowa, ali m'magazi a mafupa anayi: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts ndi osteogens. Zonsezi zimasiyana mosiyana ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito. Maselo a osteogenic ndiwo omwe mafuko ena atatu a mafupa amapanga. Mafinya ndi omwe amachititsa kuti thupi likhale lopangidwa ndi mankhwala (collagen, glycosaminoglycans, mapuloteni). Osteocytes ndiwo maselo akulu a minofu, ali ndi mawonekedwe owombera ndi ang'onoang'ono a organelles. Osteoclasts ndi maselo akuluakulu okhala ndi nuclei zingapo.

Matenda a khungu amagawidwa m'mitundu yambiri. Izi ndi hyaline, fibrous ndi zotupa kakotila. Mbali yaikulu ya minofu imeneyi ndi kukhalapo kwa collagen wambiri mu mankhwala osokoneza bongo (pafupifupi 70%). Mbalame ya hayaline imayika pamwamba pa ziwalozo, imapanga mafupa a mphuno, larynx, trachea, bronchi, ndi mbali ya nthiti, sternum. Chokongoletsera chokongola chingapezeke mu disvertebral disc, komanso m'malo amodzi omwe amamatira mafupa. Kutsika kumapanga mafupa a khutu.

Magazi

Lili ndi madzi ochulukirapo, omwe amatchedwa plasma. Ndi madzi 90%. Zotsalira 10% ndizofunikira (9%) ndi zinthu (1%) zomwe zimangokhalako. Mavitamini omwe amapanga magazi ndi globulins, albumins ndi fibrinogen.

Maselo a minofu ameneŵa amatchedwa maselo a magazi. Amagawidwa m'maselo ofiira ofiira, mapiritsi ndi maselo oyera. Zakale zimapanga kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe ka mankhwala: ali ndi mapuloteni a hemoglobini omwe amatha kunyamula oksijeni. Mabala a pulasitiki amapereka magazi othandizira magazi, ndipo ma lekocyte ali ndi udindo woteteza thupi ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.