Mankhwala chomera minofu: zochitika ndi ntchito

Monga ngati zinyama, mu matupi a zomera pali minofu yambiri. Mwa izi, ziwalo zimamangidwa, zomwe zimapanga mawonekedwe. Chigawo chonsecho ndi chimodzimodzi - selo.

Komabe, ziphuphu za zomera ndi zinyama zimasiyana pakati pazokha ndi zomangamanga. Choncho tiyeni tiyesetse kumvetsa zomwe zigawozi zikuyimira kwa oimira zomera. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe a zomera.

Nsalu za zomera

Zonsezi, magulu 6 a ziphuphu amatha kusiyanitsa mu zinyama.

1. Maphunziro amaphatikizapo zilonda, apical, lateral and intercalary types. Cholinga cha kubwezeretsa mapangidwe a zomera, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukula, imathandizira kupanga mapangidwe ena, amapanga maselo atsopano. Malingana ndi ntchito yomwe ikuchitika, zimakhala zomveka bwino kuti malo omwe ali ndi ziphuphu zapamwamba zidzakhazikitsidwa kwao : mapetioles a masamba, internodes, nsonga ya muzu, pamwamba pa tsinde.
2. Mbali yaikuluyi imaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya parenchyma (m'mizere, m'mlengalenga, m'matope, kusunga, aquiferous), komanso mbali ya photosynthetic. Ntchitoyi ikufanana ndi dzina: kusungirako madzi, kusungira zakudya zowonjezera, photosynthesis, kusinthanitsa gasi. Kumeneko mumasamba, zimayambira, zipatso.
3. Mankhwala othandiza ndi xylem ndi phloem. Cholinga chenicheni ndicho kuyendetsa mchere ndi madzi kupita ku masamba ndi zimayambira komanso kubwezeretsa kwa zakudya zam'madzi kumalo osungirako zinthu. Iwo ali mu zombo za matabwa, maselo apadera a bast.
4. Miphikayi imaphatikizapo mitundu itatu ikuluikulu: cork, kutumphuka, epidermis. Ntchito yawo pa malo oyamba - kutetezera, komanso kutsegulira komanso kusinthanitsa mpweya. Malo m'thupi la chomera: pamwamba pa masamba, makungwa, mizu.
5. Matenda osakanikirana amachititsa kupanga madzi, timadzi tokoma, mankhwala opatsa mphamvu, chinyezi. Zili muzipangizo zina (nectaries, mlechnikah, tsitsi).
6. Mitundu ya zomera , mawonekedwe ake ndi ntchito zake zidzafotokozedwa pansipa mwatsatanetsatane.

Nsalu zamagetsi: zowonekera

Zovuta ndi zosagwirizana ndi nyengo, nyengo ya nyengo catharsis, osati kusintha kosintha kwa chilengedwe - kuchokera kwa munthu aliyenseyu amateteza malo. Ndipo nthawi zambiri malo oterowo amakhala nyama. Ndipo ndani adzadzipulumutsa okha? Chifukwa cha zomwe amatha kupirira ndi mphepo yamkuntho, ndi zivomezi, kuphulika kwa mapiri ndi matalala, matalala ndi matalala otentha? Zikuoneka kuti mapangidwewo akuphatikizidwa mu kapangidwe kamathandizira kulimbana nawo - nsalu yopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe.

Kapangidwe kawo sikangoperekedwa mofanana pakati pa chomera chomwecho. Ndiponso, zowonjezera zake zimasiyanasiyana kuchokera kwa oimirira mpaka oimira. Koma mpaka pamlingo wina aliyense. Minofu ya zomera imakhala ndi mapangidwe ake enieni, machitidwe ndi ntchito.

Zofunika kugwira ntchito

Dzina lina la nyumbayi limalongosola za udindo ndi kufunika kwake kwa zomera - mphamvu zamakina, chitetezo, chithandizo. Kawirikawiri, nsalu ya mawotchi imakhala yofanana ndi yowonjezera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndi mafupa, omwe amathandiza komanso kulimbitsa thupi lonse.

Ntchito izi za nsalu zamakina ndizofunikira kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwawo, chomeracho chimatha kulimbana ndi nyengo yamphamvu kwambiri, komabe kukhalabe wokhulupirika kwa mbali zonse. Kawirikawiri mumatha kuona momwe mitengo ikugwedezeka kuchokera ku mphepo yamphamvu. Komabe, samaswa, kusonyeza zozizwitsa zapulasitiki ndi mphamvu. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti mawonekedwe a makoswe amagwira ntchito. Komanso n'zotheka kuona ndi kukhazikika kwa tchire, udzu wamtali, zitsamba zitsamba, mitengo yaying'ono. Zonsezi zimasungidwa mudziko labwino, monga asilikali omwe amatha.

Zoonadi, izi zikutanthauzira zochitika za mawonekedwe a makompyuta ndi mitundu yambiri yamagetsi. Mutha kuwagawa m'magulu.

Kulemba

Pali mitundu itatu yokha yazinthu izi, zomwe zimakhala ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe.

1. Collenchyma.
2. Sclerenchyma.
3. Zozizwitsa (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawoneka ngati mbali ya sclerenchyma).

Zina zonsezi zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku meristems yoyamba ndi yachiwiri. Maselo onse a mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mawonekedwe amakhala ndi makoma akuluakulu, amphamvu a maselo, omwe amafotokoza momwe angathe kugwira ntchitoyi m'njira zambiri. Zomwe zili mu selo iliyonse zikhoza kukhala zamoyo kapena zakufa.

Collenchyma ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chisinthiko cha mtundu uwu chimachokera ku zigawo zofunika za zomera. Choncho, nthawi zambiri collenchyma ili ndi chlorophyll pigment ndipo amatha kupanga photosynthesis. Minofuyi imapangidwira m'mitengo yaing'ono chabe, kuika ziwalo zawo nthawi yomweyo pansi pa chikhazikitso, nthawizina mozama pang'ono.

Chikhalidwe choyenera cha collenchyma ndi turgor ya maselo, koma pokhapokha ngati amatha kugwira ntchito zankhondo, zothandizira, zopatsidwa. Mkhalidwe wotero ndi wotheka, popeza maselo onse a minofuyi akukhala, akukula ndi kugawa. Zigobowo zimakhuta kwambiri, koma zimakhalabe, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi chinyezi ndi kukakamizidwa kwina.

Komanso, mapangidwe a maselo amtundu umenewu amatanthauza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo. Pachifukwa ichi, ndi chizoloŵezi chosiyanitsa mitundu itatu ya collenchyma.

1. Plate . Makoma a selo aphwanyidwa mofanana, amatha kukhala pafupi, wina ndi mzake. Kutambasulidwa (chitsanzo cha chomera chomwe chili ndi minofuyi ndi mpendadzuwa).
2. Zilonda zamakono zowonongeka zimakhala zowonjezereka, m'makona ndi pakati. Amakhala pamodzi ndi zigawozi, kupanga malo ochepa (buckwheat, dzungu, sorelo).
3. Zosankha - dzina limalankhula lokha. Makoma a selo aphwanyidwa, koma kugwirizana kwawo kuli ndi malo akuluakulu. Kawirikawiri amachititsa photosynthetic ntchito (krasavka, amayi ndi amayi opeza).

Apanso, ziyenera kutchulidwa kuti collenchyma ndi minofu ya zomera zazing'ono, zosakwatiwa ndi mphukira zawo. Malo akuluakulu a malo okhalapo m'thupi la mbewu ndi petioles ndi mitsempha yayikulu, mu tsinde pambali ngati mawonekedwe a silinda. Minofuyi imakhala ndi maselo okhaokha, a neodrevesnevshie omwe samasokoneza kukula kwa zomera ndi ziwalo zawo.

Ntchito zochitidwa

Kuphatikiza pa zithunziynthesizing, tikhoza kutchula ntchito ya chithandizo monga yaikulu. Komabe, samasewera gawo lalikulu pa izi, monga sclerenchyma. Ngakhale zili choncho, mphamvu ya collenchyma chifukwa cha kuwonongeka ndi yofanana ndi mphamvu ya zitsulo (aluminium, mwachitsanzo, ndi kutsogolera).

Kuwonjezera apo, ntchito za mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a mtundu uwu ndizofotokozedwanso ndi luso lopanga zipolopolo zamakono zopangira ziwalo zakale zamasamba.

Sclerenchyma, mitundu ya maselo

Mosiyana ndi collenchyma, maselo a minofuyi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zipolopolo zowonongeka, zowonjezeka kwambiri. Zamoyo zilizonse (protoplast) zimafa ndi nthawi. Kawirikawiri nyumba zamakono za sclerenchyma zimaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala apadera - lignin, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu zawo mobwerezabwereza. Kuphulika kwa sclerenchyma kukufanana ndi magawo a zitsulo.

Mitundu yayikulu ya maselo omwe amapanga minofu iyi ndi awa:

• Fayi;
• Zopanda;
• Makhalidwe omwe ali mbali ya ziwalo zomangira thupi, xylem ndi phloem ndizitsulo zamatabwa ndi nkhuni (libris).

Zida zimapangidwira ndipo zimayimilira pamwamba pa prozenhimnye zomangira ndi zipolopolo zolimba kwambiri, pali pore kwambiri. Dziwani malo omwe kukula kwa mbeu kumatha: zozizwitsa, tsinde, mizu ya pakati, petioles.

Zipangizo zamtengo wapatali ndi zamtengo wapatali zimakhala zofunika kwambiri monga zida zogwirira ntchito zomwe zikuzungulira iwo.

Makhalidwe a mawonekedwe a makina a sclerenchyma ndiwo maselo onse akufa, ali ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa bwino. Pamodzi amatsutsa kwambiri zomera. Sclerenchyma imapangidwa kuchokera ku primary meristem, cambium ndi procambium. Amapezeka m'makola (stems), petioles, mizu, pedicels, peduncle, pedicels ndi masamba.

Udindo mu chomera

Ntchito ya mawonekedwe a sclerenchyma mwachiwonekere - kupereka chofunikira, chimango cholimba chomwe chiri ndi mphamvu zokwanira, zotupa, ndi mphamvu zotsutsa zotsatira zamphamvu ndi zolimba kuchokera ku korona (mumtengo) ndi masoka achilengedwe (mu zomera zonse).

Ntchito ya photosynthesis kwa maselo a sclerenchyma ndi osagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha imfa ya zinthu zawo.

Sclereids

Zinthu zimenezi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku maselo ofanana ndi mipanda yokhala ndi mipanda yokhala ndi mipanda yokhala ndi mipanda yochepa kwambiri yomwe imapangika kwambiri ndi protoplast kufa, sclerosis (lignification) ya zipolopolozo ndi kuchulukitsa kwawo kwambiri. Maselo amenewa amayamba m'njira ziwiri:

• Kuchokera ku maziko ofunika;
• Kuchokera ku parenchyma.

Onetsetsani mphamvu ndi kukhwimitsa kwa scleraids kungakhale, kusonyeza malo omwe akukhala nawo mu zomera. Mwa izi ndi chipolopolo cha mtedza, mbewu za zipatso.

Mwa mawonekedwe, nyumbazi zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. Kotero, amasiyanitsa:

• Maselo ofiira amadzimadzi ofupika (brachklereids);
• Nthambi;
• Kuwongolera kwambiri - fibrous;
• Osteoscleride - mu mawonekedwe amafanana ndi munthu tibia.

Kawirikawiri nyumba zoterezi zimapezeka ngakhale m'zipatso zamtundu, zomwe zimateteza ku mbalame ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu yamitundu yonse imapanga mawonekedwe a makina opangira mawonekedwe, kuwathandiza kuchita ntchito zothandizira.

Kufunika kwa zomera

Udindo wa maselo otere sikuti umangogwira ntchito zokhazokha. Komanso, ziphuphu zimathandiza zomera:

• Tetezani mbewu ku kusintha kwa kutentha;
• Musalole kuti chipatsochi chikhudzidwe ndi mabakiteriya ndi bowa, komanso kuziluma kwa nyama;
• Pezani chimangidwe chokwanira chophatikizana pamodzi ndi zina zamagetsi.

Kupezeka kwa makina opangidwa ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana

Kugawidwa kwa mitundu iyi ya matenda sikuli kofanana kwa oimira osiyanasiyana a zomera. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, malo otsika kwambiri a sclerenchyma ali ndi zomera za m'madzi otsika - algae. Pambuyo pake, kwa iwo, ntchito yothandizira imasewera ndi madzi, kukakamizidwa kwake.

Komanso, zomera zazitentha, onse oimira malo okhala ndi mvula, sizomwe zili ndi lignified ndipo zimasungidwa ku lignin. Koma anthu okhala ndi zida zopangidwa ndi mawotchi amapeza kwambiri. Izi zikuwonetsedwa mu dzina lawo lachilengedwe - sclerophytes.

Collenchyma ndi khalidwe la oimira mabapartite pachaka. Sclerenchyma, makamaka, imakhazikitsidwa mu udzu wosatha wosatha, tchire ndi mitengo.