Mipope kosatayana - mapangidwe ndi ntchito

Kosatayana chitoliro - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa ntchito yomanga kupanga ndi kumanga kachitidwe kulankhulana. Chifukwa pakalibe mfundo zomangidwa a m'madera amenewa tinganene kuti iwo ali mmodzi wa wamphamvu za mtundu wake. Monga mmene kumapeto, chitoliro kosatayana Yodziwika kwenikweni bwino kukana nkhawa thupi ndi makina, choncho - ali ntchito yapamwamba.

dera ntchito

Monga taonera, mbali iyi ndi ntchito yapamwamba. Ndi chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa iwo ntchito pa malo amene mkulu kudalirika chofunika. Mwachitsanzo, thick- deta chitsanzo zipangizo ntchito mu kusanjika madzi ndi mpweya. Hot-adagulung'undisa mipope kosatayana ankagwiritsa ntchito mu mafuta ndi gasi makampani ndi luso lopanga. Komanso, mankhwala amenewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu misonkhano oyang'anira tauni. Komanso Dziwani n'chakuti mankhwala kupanga maiko CIS (kosatayana chitoliro GOST 8732-78 kuphatikizapo) kupezeka kwa inatha m'mayiko ambiri European.

mitundu

Wall makulidwe, mankhwala amenewa anawagawa mitundu iwiri:

1. Wandiweyani mipanda.
2. Woonda-mipanda.

M'lifupi mbali linga la mtundu woyamba zimasiyanasiyana millimeters 12,5 kuti 40,0. A woonda-mipanda chubu - kosatayana ozizira - khoma lili ndi m'lifupi mwake millimeters 6 12,5.

Zotsimikizira mwatsatanetsatane chitoliro deta awiri akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu mankhwala ochiritsira ndi mankhwala molondola mkulu. Kutalika kwambiri chiwalo zitsulo zingakhale za mamita 4 12,5 kapena zambiri.

zakuthupi

Nthawi zambiri, mapaipi kosatayana zopangidwa aloyi mkulu-mphamvu kapena mpweya zitsulo. zipangizo onse ndi kudalilika mkulu ndi ntchito. Ndi mapaipi izi kosatayana ndi maximally kugonjetsedwa ndi dzimbiri, zinthu zikuwononga ndi zina reagents mankhwala.

Malinga ndi zimene mtundu wa zitsulo anamugwiritsa ntchito kamangidwe ka mankhwala, ndi akatswiri muli mitundu yambiri ya mipope kosatayana:

1. Standardization katundu makina.
2. Standardization wa mipweya.
3. Ndi normalization wa onse (mankhwala ndi makina) makhalidwe.
4. Popanda zosagwirizana ndi katundu ndi zikuchokera.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, njira kupanga izi zigawo zinayi. Zimenezi zingakhale: kulipira, pakubwezeretsa, kukanikiza kapena zojambula. Komabe, ziribe kanthu momwe kupanga sakanati ntchito m'njira mankhwala amenewa adzakhala nthawi zonse cholimba kwambiri ndi kugonjetsedwa aggressions kunja.

Pomaliza

Choncho, mapaipi kosatayana ali m'gulu la cholimba ndi kugonjetsedwa mankhwala ntchito mu mafakitale ndi limodzi machitidwe kulankhulana. Chotero osiyanasiyana ofunsira chifukwa ntchito mkulu wa mankhwala. Ndipo uyu, nayenso chapadera kosatayana njira kupanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu kwambiri cholimba ndi zitsulo - zosapanga ndi mpweya.