Mitundu ndi maina maswiti (mndandanda)

Kwa anthu ambiri, maswiti - amakonda azichitira kuti akhoza musangalatse kukoma kwanu, komanso kukulimbikitsani ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu. Izi maswiti amitundumitundu kukonzekera kwa zaka zambiri, ndi dzina la maswiti (mndandanda wa zomwe limaoneka m'nkhani) mu nthawi zambiri zasintha.
Nkhaniyi itithandiza kulankhula za zimene yonse ya amachitira wokoma alipo lero Confectionery malonda, momwe iwo amasiyana ndi mmene amatchedwa.

Pamene iwo afika kumeneko?

Wokoma amachitira, precursors maswiti wathu ankakonda, wokondedwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kuchokera kalelo. Choncho ophika ku Egypt analenga kukoma uchi, mandimu mankhwala Iris mizu, mabango ndi masiku, ndi Aroma - kuchokera mbewu yophika poppy, mtedza, uchi ndi nthangala za zitsamba kulemera. Mu Russia anakonda chakudya chokoma anapangidwa kuchokera zokometsera, uchi ndi uchi.

Candies kuti amaoneka ngati lero, anapangidwa yekha mu XVI atumwi ku Italy. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti wakhala kusintha mafakitale a shuga, popanda zomwe n'zosatheka kubala maswiti. Poyamba ankaganiza kuti zinali zomvetsa mankhwala amphamvu, ndipo anagulitsidwa okha pharmacies. M'kupita kwa nthawi, candied shuga, anawatcha chokoleti, unasiya kukhala mankhwala, ndipo zatchuka maswiti.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Mawu "maswiti" amachokera ku chinenero cha Chirasha ku Italy, kumene confetto amatanthauza "mapiritsi, maswiti." Poyamba, ankagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala Italy dzina zidutswa za zipatso candied - candied zipatso ogulitsidwa monga mankhwala. Kupanga mochulukitsa - "maswiti" - anaonekera penapake Patapita zaka za m'ma XIX, pamene unakhala wotchuka carnivals Italy, imene ophunzira kutaya confetti pa wina ndi mzake - yabodza maswiti opangidwa kuchokera pulasitala.

Lero, pansi maswiti lokoma pastry kutanthauza osiyana mu mawonekedwe, maonekedwe, kukoma ndi kapangidwe.

Kodi n'chiyani?

Modern osiyanasiyana maswiti kwambiri kotero kuti mkate ambiri akhala classifications. Ife Palinso zimene tigule mitundu sitolo maswiti, amene maina sangathe amasiyana ndinasintha ku opanga osiyana. Wotchuka kwambiri ndi mu ankafuna Russian ogula:

• Caramel. Amakhala ndi mchewere ndi shuga.
• Lollipops. Mmodzi wa chophweka kupanga mankhwala Confectionery, chifukwa kuphika mchewere, shuga kapena chimanga madzi. The analandira flavored zikuchokera ndi anazitsanulira mwa akalumikidzidwa wapadera. Mndandanda dzina maswiti ndi anapereka m'munsimu.

- caramel maswiti;

- maswiti pa ndodo;

- candies atakulungidwa mu pepala;

- candies zofewa - monpase;

- licorice maswiti kapena amchere;

- ndi elongated kapena oblong woboola pakati maswiti. Mayina ndi zithunzi za "timitengo" ndi "timitengo" ali anapereka m'munsimu.

• Iris ena amati toffee. Dzina limeneli iwo anabwera ndi ntchito pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi ku St. Petersburg French pastry Morna, amene anaona kufanana kwa maswiti ndi pamakhala Iris maluwa. Amachita condensed mkaka, batala ndi shuga ndi zili zofunika kwa chamoyo wabwinobwino wa thupi vitamini B _12. "Tuzik", "Kis-Kis", "Golden Ofunika", "Ladybirds Mkaka" - onse mayina a maswiti mu nyengo ya Soviet. List butterscotch ndiye, ngati inu mukuona, anali ochepa.
• Chocolate candies. Malinga ndi kudzazidwa ndi mitundu zotsatirazi amadziŵika:

- souffle, monga "mkaka Nkhuku", amene akhoza kutchedwa "zodabwitsa mbalame", "mbalame Bogorodskaya", "wintergreen" ndi ena;

- wokazinga mtedza kuchipeza ku mtedza wosweka wodzazidwa shuga, zipatso madzi kapena uchi. Awa ndi candies monga "mtedza wokazinga mu chokoleti", "Kukuwotcha nthano", "Strawberry anawotcha mtedza" ndi zina;

- Praline - chokoleti maswiti wodzazidwa ndi kukulumbutsuk ndi shuga ndi koko mtedza wothira burande kapena kukoma kwina kulikonse, "Mphukira", "Babaevskie", "Shokonatka", "Juliet";

- mowa wotsekemera zili mu stuffing maswiti kwa shuga madzi kapena mowa wotsekemera burande "kirimu mowa wotsekemera", "Chocolate mowa", "buluu veleveti";

- mu maswiti ndi zakudya kudzazidwa pansi wosanjikiza chokoleti wandiweyani mabulosi kapena zipatso zakudya, "Lel", "Kumwera Night", "tsekwe", "Gulf" ndi ena;

- "zokoma" kapena maswiti ndi fondant kudzazidwa linachokera ku mkaka, madzi, kirimu, shuga, kumadzazidwa zipatso, ndi mbali zina, "Mia", "Rakhat", "Spanish Night" ndi ena;

- truffles - chokoleti mwanaalirenji adzakhale wodzazidwa ndi wapadera French kirimu - ganache. Chopangidwa kuchokera butter kirimu, chocolate ndipo zosiyanasiyana oonetsera. Pamwamba akunja akhoza TACHIMATA ndi wophwanyidwa kapena pansi mtedza, kapena kokulumunya crumb ndi ufa koko.

mbiri chokoleti

Ankakondedwa ndi anthu ambiri maswiti chokoleti anaonekera chifukwa cha wofufuza wotchuka - Hernando Cortez anapeza Africa American. Zinali iye ndi anzake litapita kwa Europe koko nyemba ndipo anayambitsa azungu chokoleti. Mmonke Benzoni chinathandiza chakuti chokoleti anakhala ntchito zonse kukhala umoyo wa Spanish mfumu, ndipo pambuyo pake, ndiponso ogwira wake. Kenako mafashoni kwa maswiti chokoleti yafalikira m'mayiko ena, komwe otchuka munthu kuwagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Mpaka m'ma XVII Spain opangidwa confectioners yekha chokoleti ndi maswiti mwa iyo, ndipo anatumiza maswiti kumakhoti zachifumu zambiri. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chinsinsi cha kupanga chokoleti maswiti anadziwika kumayiko ena, mpaka cha m'ma XVII, iwo anapangidwa ndi manja.

Ngati maswiti anaonekera mu Russia?

Woyamba Confectionery fakitale kwa kupanga chokoleti linatsegulidwa kumapeto kwa XVII m'ma French pastry ophika Davidom Shelli. Mpaka XIX atumwi ku Russia panalibe kupanga mwini wa maswiti ndi amachitira anabweretsa kuchokera kunja, kapena kukonza ophika wapadera mu m'makhitchini m'nyumba ya olemekezeka olemera. Woyamba Russian Confectionery fakitale chinatsegulidwa ku St. Petersburg okha cha m'ma XIX.

Monga poyamba anaitanidwa maswiti?

Monga tanenera kale, mpaka XIX atumwi, maswiti kapena kunja kwa dziko lathu ochokera m'mayiko kapena pakhomo pa minda ndi nyumba za mafumu a anthu olemekezeka. Pakuti chopangidwa kunyumba Mayina ofotokoza maswiti ndi nkhani mawonekedwe ndi kukonzekera njira, mfundo ntchito ndi zipatso ndi zipatso. Mu buku la "The New Wangwiro Russian confectioner, kapena mwatsatanetsatane confectionary Dictionary" lofalitsidwa pa mapeto a XVIII atumwi ku St. Petersburg, ndi amene ife oseketsa dzina maswiti monga Strawberry mkate ndi apurikoti wobiriwira caramel, Jasmine candies ndi tsabola shuga zokhwasula-khwasula Cherry marzipan Apricots ndi candies.

mutu mafakitale

The yoyambirira Russian Confectionery fakitale anatsogolera chakuti pa chiyambi cha XX atumwi, khamu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chokoleti. Nthawi yoyamba anali chogwidwa ndi maphikidwe French ndi mayina a maswiti, mndandanda umene unali si lalikulu kwambiri:

• "Baton de A Grail";
• "Finshampan";
• "Creme de A rizen";
• "Boule de A-D";
• "Creme de A nuazon";
• "Maron Praline" ndi ena.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, dzina French la chokoleti latembenuzidwira Russian, napita pa malonda, cholinga mogwirizana ndi galamala Russian, "poterera Venus," "Cat lilime", "Chikopa Buthu", "m'kanyumba". Komabe, nthawi zina, ntchito ndi maina nzeru maswiti, monga "tizinthu ngale, kapena ngale Koriandor". confectioners Russian watsopano, amene analengedwa ndi iwo maswiti kale dzina lake Russian ndipo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito maina kugwirizana ndi zithunzi za kugonana kwabwino, "Sophie", "Marianne", "The panyengo Wamasiye", "msodzi", "Marsala". Unayendera angapo maphunziro, monga "chinsinsi." Pa wrapper wa maswiti anaika chithunzi yosavuta. Isanafike zochitika kunachitika cha 1917 opangidwa chokoleti wakuti "Sports", "Atlas Geographical," "Anthu a Siberia" ndi ena.

maswiti Soviet

Mpaka October kuukira boma la 1917, mukanatha kugula maswiti "Royal rasipiberi" kapena "Tsar Fyodor Mikhailovich." Pambuyo pake maina maswiti asintha kwambiri. Sales, caramel "osauka" ndipo "Red Army," "Hammer ndi chikwakwa" ndi "mafakitale wathu". Komabe, chokoleti ali makamaka kusunga mutu French: "Dern Cree", "ankapenta", "Chartreuse," "malalanjewa", "Peperment" ndi ena. Takhala osadziwa maganizo rethinking mayina ndale, monga "gologolo", "Scamps" ndi "Bunny". maina Soviet wa maswiti latsopano kusonyeza zochitika panopa ndiponso achita. Choncho anapangidwa mu 30s Mu zaka zapitazo. "Limba kwa njira ya", "Khalani wokonzeka", "Sabantuy", "The Milkmaid", "Chelyuskinites," "Zimphona ya Arctic", "wopambana ayezi"

Atalanda malo ndi munthu mu 60 ntchentche za m'ma XX zinaonetsera kuti 'Space "maswiti ndi" Space ". Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo anayamba kufala kulowa mu dzina la chokoleti ndi maina lowoneka la zilembo zolembalemba: "Snow Buthu", "La Bayadere", "Blue Mbalame", "Sadko", "Little Red atakwera nyumba" ndi ena.