Mitundu ya chitukuko: East & West

Kuyamba kufotokoza okha ndi mawu akuti "chitukuko". Anzeru ndi mbiri yakale kuika mu mawu osiyanasiyana zamalankhulidwe okhutira. Taganizirani mitundu mitundu, amatchedwa "mukuchitika mu nthawi ndi malo makampani." Olemba mbiri zosiyanasiyana zimatulutsa milingo yosiyanasiyana ya chitukuko m'dera. England Arnold Toynbee ankakhulupirira kuti pa Zakachikwi watha apo panali (ndi moyobe) chitukuko zisanu: Western, Orthodox (monga Russian), Muslim, Hindu ndi Far East (China, Japan, Korea, Asia Southeast). Chabe lothandiza mbiri anawerenga chitukuko makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri.

Mitundu ya chitukuko, malinga Toynbee, anagawa ku unyolo wa zinthu zitatu. Onse chitukuko alipo ndi wachitatu, ulalo lomaliza. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko chathu ndi otsiriza mu unyolo: ndi Minoan chitukuko - Agiriki - Orthodox. Ndiko kuti, m'malingaliro mwake, tikukhala mu nyengo za kusintha lonse madzulo a azimuth ozizira mbiri. Komabe, Sizikudziwika pamene ndi mawonekedwe chimene chiti chichitike.

Mu ochiritsira otchuka maphunziro chikhalidwe anatengera chidule cha kukhalapo kwa Western mwambo chikhalidwe, amene amatsutsa mtundu kum'mawa kwa chitukuko, yodziwika ndi zinthu zingapo zochititsa zofunika. Izi Choyamba, maganizo osiyana ndi anthu onse m'dziko ndi maganizo katundu.

chitsutso ichi, ndithudi, ndi otukwana. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya chitukuko satanthauza magawano mu East ndi West. Inde, tanthauzo wa chitukuko kum'mawa ayenera zikhulupiriro. Ku maganizo a munthu European mu msewu, chitukuko aku Iran, Kazakhstan ndi China - Ndi chinachake chokhudza yemweyo, anasiyana okha mfundo zazing'ono ndi kunena za mtundu kum'mawa akuluakulu. Panthawiyi, aliyense woyenera munthu (osanenapo okhala limati awa), zikuonekeratu kuti vuto loyamba tili chakale Muslim boma Shiite lachiwiri - zagonjetsedwa kwa chikoka Muslim a chikhalidwe cha wongosamukasamuka wa Great steppe (liwu Lva Gumileva), ndi lachitatu - zovuta yense, chikukhudza M'buda, Taoist ndi mbali Confucius zochuluka flavored chikominisi mfundo.

Inde, Europe ano ponena za lingaliro la "zabwino ndi zoipa" ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi European Ages Middle. Views Savonarola, Torquemada ndi Duke wa Richelieu, omwe anakhala de A facto wolamulira wa France, ndiribe kanthu kochita ndi zofunika lero m'banja mfundo ambiri a ku Ulaya.

Onse amene, mu maganizo a munthu European mu msewu, tsopano khalidwe la chitukuko kum'mawa - collectivism, udindo wochepa wa anthu onse m'dziko - izo zinaliri mu Europe akale. Ndipo si kuti Europe "wakula." Monga pansi mlingo wa pagalimoto. Old World atayamba kunenepa, waulesi, kumlingo. Choncho, kotero omasuka Europe, atsopano kuchokera kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa, onyamula miyambo osiyana chikhalidwe. Zimenezi n'zimenenso zingachitike mu chakale kum'mawa dziko - Japan, amene malamulo analemba maloya a magulu American utakhala m'chiyembekezo kuphunzitsa azungu asintha. Koma Japanese akadali mphamvu yaikulu kwambiri ya mwambo. Ndi gulu lamphamvu, akhoza kudziteteza kuti asatengere kunja. Kotero kuti osiyana "mitundu mitundu" ziribe kanthu kochita ndi izo.