Mitundu ya maloto ndi makhalidwe awo

Mu maloto, thupi lathu lidakali. Pa ndondomeko zachilengedwezi asayansi olekanitsidwa mwachindunji kugona ndi kulota, masomphenya (kapena kuyerekezera zinthu m'maganizo), maloto. Mu terminology ndi ife tichita ina. Poyamba, tiyenera munanena kuti mitundu yonse ya maloto ndi zochitika yoyenera wauzimu umene mawonekedwe pamodzi chongoyerekezera akhoza za m'tsogolo ndi m'mbuyomu munthu.

The mitundu waukulu wa tulo

Kuonetsetsa zotsatirazi yonse ya iyo:

• tsiku ndi tsiku nthawi;
• nyengo zodziwitsa (hibernation wa nyama zina);
• chomwa mankhwalawa;
• zachinyengo;
• pathological.

Mitundu ya kugona ndi makhalidwe awo

Kuwonjezera mitundu tambirimbiri chilengedwe ndi yokumba. Iwo amatengedwa monga waukulu mitundu iwiri ya kugona. Natural ndondomeko zambiri amapezeka anthu onse ndi nyama mwadzidzidzi popanda makhalidwe aliyense kunja. maonekedwe yokumba chifukwa cha ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi makhalidwe (magetsi, chomwa mankhwalawa, zachinyengo).

mitundu Natural tulo wathanzi wamkulu anthu ambiri nyama chibadidwe periodicity. Komabe, pafupipafupi ndi kusinthana zingasiyane. An wamkulu makamaka amagona usiku ndi masana maso. pafupipafupi iyi akutchedwa monophasic. Pali anthu amene ali tsiku lopuma kawiri - tulo zofunika pa usiku, ndipo tsiku zina. Izi pafupipafupi ziwiri gawo. Nyama kwambiri ntchito yonse polyphase maloto: amatha akugona ndi kudzuka usiku ndi usana, kangapo, popanda kufunika mwambo okhwima alternating nthawi zina ndi maso. Ana ndi chibadidwe polyphasic tulo. Tingaone zimenezi m'chitsanzo cha makanda, omwe nthawi zambiri mu boma thupi. Iwo Komabe, kangapo tsiku linasokonekera chifukwa zofuna za kuthupi, koma, chifukwa cha makhalidwe oipa a maphunziro ndi chilengedwe, kayendedwe ka tulo imayamba kumanganso, kuyandikira munthu wamkulu.

Amapanga kugona mitundu akhoza lizilamuliridwa ndi mlingo chikoka cha zinthu zimene zingachititse iwo (ogonetsa, magetsi inawadutsa neri Al.).

M'litali pafupipafupi tulo nyama zosiyanasiyana zimasintha kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale mtundu womwewo ndi osiyana kwambiri panyengo zosiyanasiyana pachaka.

Asayansi chidwi kwambiri ndi otchedwa nyama nyengo hibernating. Maphunziro kufufuza zimayambitsa matendawo ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa.

Gulu la maloto achilengedwe

Natural kuganizira magulu a maloto munthu wathanzi ndi kuona nthawi ndi nthawi:

• wathanzi (malinga ndi zizindikiro limabwezeretsa zenizeni);
• masomphenya (limabwezeretsa munthu kudzutsidwa chithunzi anaona ku maloto a);
• predictive kugona (zikuphatikizapo chenjezo);
• maloto (maloto zopezeka chakuti munthu yapanga mumaona kwenikweni);
• ghostly usiku masomphenya (mobwerezabwereza maonekedwe a zithunzi zina mu loto; nthawi zambiri zimachitika ndi ana ndi anthu ukalamba).

Anthu onsewa yekha woyamba mitundu itatu ya kugona ndi chapadera monga otsiriza awiri, nthawi zambiri kuyambitsa zovuta.

maloto pathological

Malinga etiology ake, chikhalidwe ichi mu njira ya anasonyeza ake lagawidwa nambala ya zamoyo asayansi. Kumachitika kokha pa magazi mu ubongo, pamene izo zifika osakwanira magazi okwanira; pamaso pa kuthamanga pamene osauka zotupa mu hemispheres onse kapena ngati chidwi brainstem pa malo ena. Nthawi zambiri mitundu pathological tulo angasonyeze okha kwa masiku ambiri, ndipo ukhoza kwa zaka zingapo. boma zimasintha, limodzi ndi onse maola minofu kamvekedwe ndi kuchuluka.

maloto nthenda zambiri kusokonezedwa ndi limati zachinyengo, koma si chinthu chomwecho. Kutsirikidwa bwino zimayamba ndi zinthu zapadera zachilengedwe kapena makhalidwe ena zimene munthu amene Mzimu ena kufunika koti anthu gawo tulo. Pa zosiyanasiyana womwewo wa boma pathological thupi, pali wopondereza odulidwa-kuchokerako ntchito yokhudza kotekisi. Pokhudzana izi tsankho ndi ozungulira Sankhani zochita sensorimotor ndi nditamva. Mantha dongosolo akagona kuti ukhoza kukhala mu chipsinjo, natsekapo, m'chigawo okondwa.

Zodziwitsa tsiku tulo

Monga tanenera kale, munthu wathanzi umabala mitundu 3 maloto: monophasic (kamodzi pa tsiku), difazny (kawiri), ndipo mu Chiyambi - ndipo ngakhale polyphasic.

Newborn limathera mu gawo loto la maola 21; ana a zaka kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka miyezi 12 tsiku maola 14, mpaka zaka 5 - maola 12, kuyambira zaka 5-10 - 10 maola. An wamkulu amagona maola 7-9 tsiku. Mu ukalamba zambiri penapake yafupika kugona nthawi.

kusagona tulo

Yaitali kusowa kwa kupuma mokwanira (masiku 3-5) amakhala ndi pakutchulidwa matenda a m'maganizo. Kuyambira amangosankha chidwi kwa bedi: kupewa pakuwonekera kwake zitha ndi zikuchitika amphamvu ululu - needlestick kapena magetsi mantha. Munthu mosatsata tulo, kutchulidwa kuchepa liwiro mosiyanasiyana mu ubongo kumawonjezera kutopa ndi amachepetsa yolondola ntchito ya.

kusintha osati monga noticeable yaitali tulo, ntchito autonomic. Iwo amaoneka okha kuchepa pang'ono thupi kutentha ndi liwiro pang'ono mtima. Koma si aliyense akumverera mbandakucha kusintha thupi ndi maganizo, pa 40-80 maola tulo zotsatira kungakhale kwambiri.

chomwa mankhwalawa tulo

Mitundu chomwa mankhwalawa tulo kuonekera mu mawonekedwe a shutdown zosakhalitsa kutsitsimuka. Akubwera ndi chopinga wathunthu wa bongo ndichepe mu minofu kamvekedwe. Tawonjezera anthu boma kudzera mwa mankhwala, izi zimakhudza chapakati mantha dongosolo.

Pa madzi ndi, mankhwala ochititsa dzanzi wodwala anapitiriza ukugwirira ntchito ya medulla oblongata, ngati m'dera lawo muli malo opatsa moyo - vasomotor ndi kupuma. Ngati zotsatira za mankhwala amapitirizabe kwa nthawi yaitali, izo zikhoza kuchitika recess anafotokoza boma, umene unalembedwa ziwalo izi malo. Long chomwa mankhwalawa kugona Umapha wodwala.

zachinyengo tulo

Mkangano zimene muli mitundu ya maloto, kupitiriza kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za kugona zachinyengo. chikhalidwe ichi ndi asanamvetsetse mpaka tsopano. Sizikudziwika chimene chimayambitsa kwambiri loto gawo. Pa zosayembekezereka ya chikhalidwe ichi zimachitika kusintha appreciable mu njira thupi la pakati ndiponso autonomic machitidwe mantha, komanso ziwalo zina ndi machitidwe a thupi.

Nyengo zodziwitsa tulo

mitundu ya maloto amatchedwanso tulo, catalepsy kapena tulo. Mtundu wa limati amakhala ndi kuchepa kwambiri kutentha thupi, mmene yafupika mphamvu ndi mphamvu ya aliyense wa ndondomeko zokhudza thupi. Hibernation Ndi mmene okha mitundu ina ya nyama.

Nyama zomwe angathe likuvutika kupanga mkati kutentha kukhalabe kutentha thupi, amatchedwa endothermic. Pali zinthu ectothermic, ndipo amatchedwa mwankhanzaku. Man magazi ofunda, kutanthauza kuti adzaupereka kwa endotherm komanso nyama ndi mbalame. N'chifukwa chake anthu sangathe zimabisala kutentha thupi lawo kulimbana ndi tulo yaitali. Koma pali magazi ofunda, amene adakali kugwera kugona nyengo, iwo amatchedwa heterothermal endotherms.