Mizinda. Kodi wabwino kapena woipa?

Mu ntundu zowerengera, mizinda - ndondomeko chipangizo chitukuko m'tawuni. Iwo amakhala ndi kukula kwa gawo ndi kuchuluka. Kwa zaka zingapo, lingaliro ili ntchito monga njira ya chitukuko cha mayiko ndi zizindikiro zosiyana komanso umoyo ndi zachuma kachitidwe.

Tikumbukenso kuti mizinda - ndondomeko imene kumatengera zifukwa zosiyanasiyana: ndale, fuko, zachuma, maganizo, chipembedzo, etc. M'zaka za m'ma 19, pakhala kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu kukula kwa midzi ndi anthu mwa iwo. Ngati mu 1800 chiwerengero cha nzika padziko lonse anakwana 5%, ndi 1980 chiwerengerochi chinawonjezeka ndi maulendo asanu ndi atatu.

"Mizinda" - tanthauzo la mawu akuti poyamba anaonekera mu Spain mu 1867. Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa ndondomeko imeneyi? Pa umoyo-nthanthi amazionera, mizinda - ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kuti chikhalidwe ndi watsopano mafakitale. Kuwonjezeka m'tawuni chifukwa kusintha kwa midzi kumidzi mu mtundu m'tauni, mapangidwe mizinda yatsopano ndi migrations. Mu zina m'mizinda ikuluikulu, kuchuluka kwa anthu zimawonedwa osati mwa anthu a periphery, komanso chifukwa cha anthu obwera yachilendo, nthawi zambiri bongo. Komanso, m'mizinda yambiri ndi zina kuntchito, anthu a ozungulira dera chilango kwa pakati.

masiteji mizinda

Nthawi yoyamba amatanthauza zaka 18-20 ndi chimakwirira osauka m'mayiko North America ndi Ulaya. Panthawi imeneyi, mizinda kwachititsa kuchuluka kwa anthu 5% 13%, chiwerengero cha nzika chinawonjezeka ndi 180 miliyoni. Man. chifukwa panali mfundo atsamunda a ku Britain ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya.

The nthawi yachiwiri unalembedwa pa nthawi ya chiyanjo cha utsamunda (1900-1950 gg.). Iwo amakhala ndi yogwira mafakitale chitukuko cha m'mayiko ambiri, kukula kwa m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Kwa zaka 50, chiwerengero cha nzika chinawonjezeka ndi 100 zikwi. Man.

Mbali yachitatu amatchedwa "padziko lonse." Kuyambira cha m'ma 20, nthawi imeneyi chimakhudzana ndi ulimi sayansi ndi luso. Kunadzetsa latsopano, zambiri Mkhalidwe mlingo wa mafakitale ndi mafakitale zina zambiri.

Modern mizinda - ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri za kudalirana padziko lonse. Imafotokoza makamaka m'mizinda ikuluikulu, omwe amakhala osachepera 500 zikwi. M'dzikoli.

ntchito

M'mabungwe ndiponso zinathandiza - kufalitsa chikhalidwe ndi moyo kwa mzinda kuchokera pakati ku zigawo.

Differentiating. Mu njira ya chitukuko cha m'madera makamaka kukwaniritsa chikhalidwe auzimu ndiponso akuthupi a mzinda, pakati pawo pali ngakhale kwenikweni ndi wapadera ntchito.

Chifukwa cha ntchito mogwirizana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya midzi (midzi, mizinda ndi agglomerations), kwambiri kuwonjezera mphamvu dziphunzitsiranso wa yothandiza, osauka uzimu ndi chikhalidwe zakuthupi.

Komabe, mizinda ali ndi makhalidwe oipa. Izi chitukuko m'goli la chapakati ndi zotumphukira m'mizinda, kuipitsidwa, nkhawa ndi mavuto a m'maganizo pamaziko a kachulukidwe mofulumira kuchuluka kwa danga anafuna kuti ntchito adalinso.

Palinso maganizo oti "mizinda onyenga" - ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za moyo m'mayiko osauka. Chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwa akumidzi ndi anthu awo, kusiya mabusa, anakakamizika kuyang'ana malo atsopano mu mzinda wa zogona. Pankhaniyi, chiwerengero cha ntchito sikokwanira ntchito ya anthu. M'mudzimo, kufika mu mzindawo, ndikhale lova, ndipo alibe ambiri a iwo nyumba amachititsa masamba omangika ndi uve.