I mtundu

Kodi mawu akuti "i mtundu wa"? Asanakambirane lofunika kwambiri kukumbutsidwa anecdote.

Iye amayendetsera a m'mudzimo kuti mnansi wake, ndi iye kudula vembe mu theka, mphemvu mkati mwa iwo, amasiyiratu theka la vembe ndi mphemvu clamps. Scraper amadabwa akufunsa mnzake zimene anali kuchita.

Chimodzimodzi ndi kumwetulira lokopa wamuuza kuti ndondomeko iyi akutchedwa kusankha. "Zimenezo zimakhalapo vembe ndi mphemvu, iwe zosiyanasiyana latsopano. Dulani chivwende, inu mufika chidutswa pa tebulo, ndipo mbewu-kotero mphemvu okha ku vembe ndipo anathamangira kunja ndi kubisala ming'alu! "

Kwenikweni zoseketsa! Ndipo onse chifukwa m'mudzi, mu Mwina izo mwamtheradi si zoti pali muyezo ena mtundu wa kwachilengedwenso zamoyo. Inu simungathe kupanga kusankha, osati pakati tizilombo ndi zomera za thupi maufumu osiyana mu zamoyo, koma ngakhale pakati pa dzungu ndi vembe, kuyambira zomera a m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, makalasi, mabanja, osanenapo maganizo.

Khama la mtundu wa chamoyo kapena munthu zachokera angapo zizindikiro. Mu njira ina, zizindikiro zimenezi angatchedwe muyezo. Mawu amenewa kuchokera Greek "muyeso", kutanthauza - ". zikutanthauza kuti aweruze"

Kusiyanitsa zamoyo zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi muyezo mtundu, kusonyeza morphological, thupi, amuzolengedwa, majini ndi malo.

I lembani - ndi makhalidwe taxonomic yeniyeni mitundu koma kwina ena. Iwo adakali zina amatchedwa diagnostics. "Species kwakukulu" wotchedwa Ni Vavilov mbali zovuta, limakupatsani kuyika odalirika interspecific delimiter.

I mitundu anawagawa zofunika, amene ntchito ambiri a mitundu, ndi yabwino kwa mtima si onse. A mayeso majini zachokera chakuti mbali yaikulu ya bwalo lina la anthu ndi osiyana ambiri, kukula ndi mawonekedwe DNA lapansi. Zimenezi zimapangitsa zovuta kwambiri ndondomeko ya meiosis.

Chifukwa, kuwombola jini pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ali osowa, kupereka majini kudziyimira pawokha mitundu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka ili lili nyama ndi zomera padziko lapansi.

Koma majini mayeso mitundu si konsekonse. Mwachitsanzo, mwakusakaniza zomera ndi ambiri m'dzikoli ndi lonse. Wokwanira kukumbukira zinthu zosangalatsa kusankha wasayansi wamkulu - Michurina katswiri kumvetsa kuti amapeza hybrids interspecific mwa zomera amawaganizira.

Peyala apulo mitundu, mabulosi akuda, raspberries, strawberries beardless ndi ena ambiri mitundu chidwi zomera m'munda. Komanso chidwi ndi omasuka kwambiri ya kusankha rozovotsvetnyh ndi zomera yolimidwa ndi maluwa munda.

Komabe, hybrids nyama n'zochepa kwambiri. Ngati mating Pakati pa anthu osiyana mitundu ya zinyama kupitirirabe, ndi ana wabadwa, ndi ambiri zambiri okha sanathenso kubereka. Zitsanzo za izi ndi abulu, ndi nyulu.

Koma pakati canine kudziwika njira monga chiyambi cha hybrids, kumene choyambira anali mimbulu ndi agalu - anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi zina agalunso ndi nkhandwe. Ndipo ana chifukwa ayipanga bwinobwino, apeze njira yatsopano ya makhalidwe majini analandira. Chifukwa luso limeneli bwinobwino canine anali linachokera ya ku Mitundu kwambiri yosiyanasiyana ya agalu - awo zosiyanasiyana chabe chodabwitsa!

Environmental mtundu muyezo zachokera ubwenzi wapadera ndi chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, zamoyo ndi nsinga biotic (mitundu parasitic, zamoyo zina matenda, commensals, symbionts) yodziwika m'ndende kwa khamu makamaka. Iwo ananena kuti m'bale mitundu, poyamba ankatchedwa "anopheles udzudzu," Zosiyana chakudya m'munsi. Ena a iwo anaponyedwa nyama, pamene ena - mbalame, lachitatu - kwa zokwawa ndi; ena ali ndi malungo, pamene ena si lililonse.

"Zachilengedwe kagawo kakang'ono" - malo - nyama mChipangano "dziphunzitsiranso zone". otchedwa "Edafe-phytocenotic m'dera" kwa "kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe monga" mmera zambiri ntchito.

Koma anthu osiyana mitundu yemweyo nthawi zina zatenga niches osiyana zachilengedwe, kupanga ecotypes. Pine, mwachitsanzo, ali ecotypes zokhala m'madambo (Pinus palustris), milu kapena mnza- mbali.

Zoperekedwa mapangidwe mbewu zonse chifukwa cha mtanda pakati ecotypes akhoza kupanga umodzi dongosolo majini otchedwa ekovidom.