Chiphunzitso za chiyambi cha mafuta: organic ndi zochita kupanga. Khwelero mafuta mapangidwe. Kodi zaka zambiri adzakhala mafuta okwanira

Wachibale chiphunzitso za chiyambi cha mafuta, asayansi sizinawakhudze kuuzidwa. Iyi ndi nkhani zovuta kwambiri, ndipo vuto la mapeto ake sangakwanitse iliyonse mpaka mpweya nthaka ndi mafuta, kapena mozungulira sayansi zachirengedwe, zomwe panopa othandiza anthu. Pa chiyambi cha mafuta anati ongolankhula kokha, komanso amachita. Wotchuka mafuta miyala ndi nthaka I. M. Gubkin mu mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo, analemba za izo zambiri zosangalatsa, kukambirana mfundo zosiyanasiyana za chiyambi cha mafuta. Ife zambiri zitha ndikuganiza mtundu wa njira akhala mabiliyoni a zaka pansipa matanthwe a dziko lapansili kwa ife m'njira ambiri chinsinsi. Munthu sadziwa zambiri za woona njira Inde geoevolyutsii, kotero chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha mafuta achuluka.

ziphunzitso zazikulu ziŵiri

Pamene anthu apeza nzeru zonse za zinthu zimene zimachititsa zikamera wa mafuta monga tione mmene kupanga madipoziti mu matanthwe a pansi padziko, pamene yodziwa zonse, popanda yekha, mitundu structural wa Madamu, zizindikiro zawo lithological kuti ndi yabwino kwa pakutchulidwa ndipo kudzikundikira mafuta - yekha kufufuza ndi kufufuza minda idzachitike kwenikweni yoyenera. Mwamsanga anayamba Geological sayansi, pakhala ziphunzitso ziwiri zikuluzikulu za chiyambi cha mafuta. Woyamba chimango maphunziro ake ndi wothandizila moyo. Izi chiphunzitso organic chiyambi mafuta. The chachiwiri limasonyeza kuti mpweya ndi mafuta zinangokhalako kaphatikizidwe wa hydrogen ndi mpweya pa mavuto mkulu ndi kutentha kuya kwa matanthwe a. Izi chiphunzitso cha chiyambi zochita kupanga mafuta.

History limanena kuti chiphunzitso organic anabwera mochedwa Mankwala: mpaka cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, mafuta yotengedwa omwe anakumana ndi nthaka - mu California, ku Mediterranean, mu Venezuela ndi m'madera ena. German wasayansi Humboldt ankamusowa mafuta aumbike: mofanana phula, monga zotsatira zake chiphala. Patapita kanthawi, mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, akatswiri akwanitsa lithe Laboratories acetylene C ₂ H ₂ ndi chimasanduka wa mndandanda dziko. More Patapita wathu Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev inali kuperekedwa dziko mwini "carbide", osati chiphunzitso organic chiyambi mafuta. Zamiyala ndi wasayansi Gubkin mwaukali kudzudzulidwa izo.

Mendeleev ndi Gubkin

Mu 1877, mbuye analankhula mu Russian Chemical Society mwachibale kwa amanena za chiyambi cha mafuta. Izo zinali zochokera kuchuluka yaikulu nkhani yoona, choncho anayamba kufala yomweyo. Tikayang'ana umboni kuuzenga, onse panthawi zakutchire anaikira pa m'mbali mwa nyumba phiri apangidwe, iwo anatambasula m'litali ndi ili pafupi mabacteria yaikulu vuto. Malinga Mendeleev, kudzera fractures kwambiri mu dziko imagwera madzi ndi amachitira ndi carbides zitsulo, motero kulimbikitsa maonekedwe a mafuta, kenako limatuluka ndi ndipamene posungira. Chilinganizo Mendeleev zikuwoneka ngati: 2FeC + 3H ₂ O = Fe ₂ O ₃ + C ₂ H _6. Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa wake (monga mafuta opangidwa), mnjira zonse zimachitika, osati akutali nthawi miyala.

I. M. Gubkin carbide chiphunzitso kudzudzulidwa kulikonse. Izi zikhoza singakwaniritse bwino nthaka wodziwa munthu amene anatsimikiza kuti mafuta bwino ophunzira, ndi pamene palibe chiri chonse, kuchititsa madzi carbide madzi. ming'alu zimenezi kulibe m'chilengedwe - pakati penipeni dziko lapansi pamwamba. Basalt lamba sudzapereka madzi angatithandize kudzifufuza kapena kukwera kuchokera mafuta yotsirizidwa. Makamaka ndi mfundo imeneyi kuti akunena mafuta onse yotengedwa lero ndi mozama kwambiri. Mkangano Gubkin anatumikira koma ndi kuti mafuta popangidwa ndi zochita kupanga, optically wofooka, koma chachibadwidwe - yogwira, amakwanitsa atembenuza mu ndege ya kugawanika kuwala.

Space - chiphunzitso lachitatu

Iwo anali wotchuka kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso malo momwe mafuta aumbike. Lero, mkubwela kwa umisiri wamakono mu chilengedwe, ndipo anavutika fiasco onongani. Russian miyala ndi nthaka Na Sokolov anaulura chiphunzitso kubwerera mu 1892 danga chiyambi cha mafuta inali yoona kuti chimasanduka analipo padziko lino nthawi zonse mu mawonekedwe chapachiyambi cha izo, ndi zinapangidwa ku kutentha, pamene Earth anali akuupanga. Utakhazikika, dziko zimatenga mafuta, Kutha izo mu madzi chiphalaphala. Pambuyo mapangidwe kutumphuka chiphalaphala olimba monga anapereka chimasanduka amene amaimirira pa ming'alu ndi mbali pamwamba, kumene Zachepetsedwa ndi yozizira ndi ena masango anapanga. Sokolov mfundo ndi chimasanduka anapezeka mu unyinji wa kugwa kwa miyala yochokera kwa.

Gubkin, ndi chiphunzitso uyu anadzudzula nines, mlandu chakuti malo ake ndi chosankha kuwerengetsera ongolankhula, amene kuzipenya Geological konse anatsimikizira. Aliyense amakhulupirira kuti mchere mafuta mu chikhalidwe ndi pafupifupi kumeneko, koma, sangakhale ndi yothandiza. Zambiri za m'minda mafuta akadali muli zinthu zimene wadutsa magawo onse a mapangidwe mafuta, ndipo ndi njira organic. Nkhani yotsatirayi vuto ili pafupi zaka zana, ndi kutsutsana chomwecho ndi kusowa kwa mgwirizano. oilmen Soviet, asayansi kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso lanzeru chiyambi zochita kupanga mafuta.

Asayansi la Soviet Union

Kropotkin Porfiriev, Kudryavtsev, ndi owatsatira awo ena akuyesetsa kuti atsimikizire kuti hydrogen ndi mpweya umene uli okwanira kuchuluka kwa chiphalaphala analandira ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira CH, CH _2, CH _3, anamasulidwa pamodzi ndi mpweya, omwe amagwira ntchito monga chinthu choyambira m'madera ozizira mafuta mapangidwe. Kudryavtsev anali wotsimikiza chiyambi abiogenic mafuta chololera kuonedwa pamodzi ndi mpweya mu nyanja chigoba cha dziko mu zolakwa kwambiri chifukwa ya chobvala dziko lapansi. Porfiriev ankanena kuti mafuta amabwera sali mu maonekedwe a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira hydrocarbon kwa mabacteria kwambiri, ndipo kwathunthu akusangalala katundu zonse zachilengedwe wa mafuta yomalizidwa kuswa mwa miyala porous. Iye sakanakhoza yekha kuyankha funso la kuya mafuta ndi chisanadze kusamuka? Palibe kukaika kuti m'madera subcortical, koma ganizo limeneli onse Zikhonza kukhala ndi umboni molondola anthu m'mbuyomo.

Mankwala chiyambi mafuta anatsindika mfundo zotsatirazi:

1. Mfundo zikuluzikulu crystalline miyala komanso ndi madipoziti.

2. zosafunika mafuta ndi mafuta zimapezeka pamodzi ndi chimasanduka mu mpweya chiphala, mu "machubu kuphulika" m'malere.

3. chimasanduka akhoza akamagwira zasayansi, kulenga kuthamanga ndi kutentha zinthu mkulu.

4. mpweya hydrocarbon ndi madzi hydrocarbon madzi pano mu zitsime, amene kutsegula maziko olimba (mu Sweden, Tatarstan ndi kwina).

5. chiphunzitso organic sindingakhoze kufotokoza pamaso pa woipa yaikulu mafuta ndi madera akuluakulu.

6. miyala ya mpweya ndi Cenozoic zaka, ndi mafuta - postpaleozoysky pa nsanja wakale thanthwe.

7. minda ya mafuta kwambiri zimakonda ndi zolakwa kwambiri.

chiphunzitso organic

M'zaka zaposachedwapa pakhala kwambiri ndithu mabuku deta watsopano. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta madzi opezeka mu nyanja, kufalitsa mu madera awo. Kwambiri mfundo zimenezi zikusonyeza chiyambi zochita kupanga mafuta. Komabe, iye anasonyeza ndithu mouma ndi ofooka. Chifukwa mbali ndi iye akadali ang'ono kwambiri. Ambiri asayansi, Akatswiriwa ndi kunja, ndi dziko lathu kutsatira chiphunzitso organic za chiyambi cha mafuta. Kodi ndi wokongola, chiphunzitso chimenechi?

Mafuta a chiyambi biogenic adzatenge zikamera ake kuchokera organic mankhwala subaqueous madipoziti nyanja. Chikhalidwe cha ndondomekoyi ndi bwino stepwise. Othandiza chiphunzitso biogenic amakhulupirira kuti mafuta - chobalidwa, akamagwira kusintha kwa organic nkhani. Awa ndi zotsalira za nyama ndi zomera mu m'dambo chiyambi m'madzi, imene pa mita kiyubiki imodzi madipoziti mchere thanthwe kugwa kwenikweni magalamu, koma mafuta shale mofanana mita kiyubiki a m'dambo zingachititse kuti makilogalamu sikisi. Dongo - theka kilo mu siltstones - magalamu mazana awiri, miyala - mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu.

Awiri mitundu ya nkhani organic

Sapropel ndi humus - yense wanyengedwa mbewu, akudziwa chimene iwo ali. Ngati nkhani organic amasonkhana pansi pa madzi, kumene otaya mpweya singakwane, koma pali, izo lidzawola, likukhalira humus - mbali yaikulu ya dothi, amene amathandiza chonde. Ngati madzi koma wopanda mpweya anapeza nkhani organic, ndiye pali "wosakwiya distillation", kuchepetsa ndondomeko mankhwala - kuwonongeka. Small maiwe a madzi patsogolo nthawi zonse ndalama yaikulu algae buluu wobiriwira, zomera, kuphatikizapo arthropods kuti moyo wautali ndi kufa ambirimbiri.

Pa pansi aumbike nkhungu wosanjikiza wa sludge organic - a sapropel. Izi ndi mbali ya nyanja ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mathamandawa, mitsinje. Pamene youma distillation wa sapropel umabala peresenti twente-faifi a kulemera kwa mafuta mafuta ofanana ndi mafuta. A mapangidwe mafuta - ndondomeko ndi nthawi yaitali, ndi kobvuta kuti kutsatira magawo ake onse munthuyo sangathe yekha chifukwa - madipoziti yaikulu ndi madipoziti mafuta. njira A anali zaka zambirimbiri zipinda zazikulu zokhala ndi gwero kumene zosiyanasiyana madipoziti anapanga pansi pa nyanja ndipo munali anamwazikana organic mu ndalama osachepera Clark - magalamu mazana anai pa mita kiyubiki.

kuthekera

Mafunsidwe mafuta gwero mwapamwamba kuthekera - dongo-carbonate, muli organic kanthu sapropel. madipoziti amatchedwa domanikitami. Alipo mu strata zonse chisanadze Mathanthwe mu kachitidwe Phanerozoic, ndi pa yemweyo milingo stratigraphic m'maiko osiyana kwambiri. Kodi izo zinachitika? Atatu ndi biliyoni theka zaka zapitazo, moyo padziko lapansi zinachokera. The Mathanthwe nyengo madzi chigoba cha Earth kale zosiyanasiyana organic. Paleozoic oyambirira inali kuperekedwa nyanja kwambiri komanso nyanja, kumene algae ndi invertebrates mwakhala nambala yaikulu mitundu.

Osati dziko lonse organic anathamangira ku dziko. Zikhalidwe bwino pa moyo zinalengedwa Madamu pa akuya mamita makumi asanu ndi eyite - nthawi zambiri maalumali m'madzi chokhala ndi masamba. The kwambiri m'dzikolo, organic mu m'dambo kwambiri. Inland m'nyanja muli peresenti makumi asanu nkhani waikamo organic. zinthu zabwino kwa chilengedwe cha mafuta - mbali mwa nyanja ya nyanja. Malo mafuta ndi nyanja wakale, osati dambo m'madamu madzi oyera.

mafuta mapangidwe sitepe

Academician Gubkin ankanena kuti mapangidwe mafuta simungakhoze kuchita popanda kudutsa magawo ena. The choyamba - ndi diagenesis sedimentogenesis pamene akulankhula gazomaterinskih mapangidwe ndi mpweya wa gwero mafuta, i.e. - likuyamba organic. Chinthu choyamba umakhala ndi njira ngati amuzolengedwa amene amapangidwa kerogen ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu gaseous, amene pang'onopang'ono dissipate.

Ena mwa iwo amasungunula ndipo ankaganiza, nthawi zina naonekera mafakitale kupanga chidwi (biliyoni makumi asanu kiyubiki mamita wa dziko Lakes, mwachitsanzo, mu Japan kapena mpweya nazonso yotengedwa nyanja, imene mpaka makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri peresenti dziko). Komabe, panthawi imeneyi ya mafuta sanabadwe anapanga. Koma kumiza zina zimabweretsa gwero thanthwe Scout katagenesis n'kupita kumene kale ku nkhani koyamba organic, amoniya, sulfide wa hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, ndi iwo ndipo katundu madzi hydrocarbon.

Gawo ndi zone

Gawo lalikulu ndi mafuta mapangidwe katagenesis mogwirizana pa akuya awiri kapena atatu makilomita mafunsidwe pa kutentha eyite digiri zana ndi makumi asanu Celsius. momwe akadakwanitsira ndi ndendende anthu amene zikuluzikulu chinthu - kutentha yapamwamba. Neftegazogeneratsiya ali zone enieni mozama. meters mpaka zana ndi makumi asanu amuzolengedwa dera lomwe amakhala ndi chitukuko pa nkhani organic wa njira amuzolengedwa yopangira mafuta.

Kuyambira munthu mmodzi ndi theka makilomita pansi - zone kusintha komwe chinyontho ukapita njira zonse amuzolengedwa. Zoni wachitatu kuchokera theka makilomita asanu - thermocatalytic, nkofunika makamaka mapangidwe mafuta. Ndipo lachinayi - gasi, amene amapangidwa makamaka dziko. Iwo Tingaone kuti ndondomeko ikuyamba ndi mapangidwe mafuta ndi mafuta mapangidwe limodzi pa magawo onse, ndipo anamaliza ndondomekoyi. The magawidwe izi ofukula, ndi kameredwe chimasanduka mu madipoziti - yopingasa.

m'zigawo

Poyamba, mafuta yotengedwa kumene pafupifupi abwera pafupi pamwamba. Tsopano kupanga ake chawonjezeka kangapo, ndipo, kotero, komanso yagunda m'litali. Motalikitsa anali mokhomerera mu USSR: Sakhalin - ndiko kuposa khumi makilomita kutali, ndi Kola Peninsula - mamita 12262. Mu Qatar, ndi yopingasa zoposa khumi makilomita mu United States - awiri devyatikilometrovye bwino. Ku mapiri a Bavaria mu Germany chimodzimodzi devyatikilometrovaya dzenje limene palibe chimene ncho kapena yotengedwa, ngakhale anakhala madola mazana atatu makumi asanu miliyoni. munda mafuta yaing'ono chinapezeka mwa Austria, yomwe n'zodabwitsa kwambiri kufufuza, koma mafuta anatulukira pa akuya makilomita asanu ndi atatu. Pa anayendera pafupi, izo sizinali kudzikundikira mafuta ndi gasi, zomwe zinali zosatheka kubala - mbali Geological wa tsambali sikuloledwa. A bwino mokhomerera pambuyo pa zonse, koma sanapeze chilichonse, ngakhale PAMASILETI kuti akhoza kukhala anga.

Mayiko onse ayenera mafuta. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwake nkhondo mpaka kalekale kuyamba. Zotsatira ndi tsopano zedi kuposa kale lonse. Dziko kwenikweni unakhetsedwa woyera. Mphamvu akatswiri masamu zaka zingati adzakhala mafuta okwanira akupezeka mu matumbo a Dziko Lapansi. Ndipo kunapezeka kuti nkhokwe kale kutsimikiziridwa okha zaka makumi asanu mphambu zisanu. Ndithudi, izo si kwathunthu kutha. Anthu amadziwa kale kuchotsa mafuta shale, mchenga mafuta phula zachilengedwe ndi zina zambiri. Venezuela adzakhala mafuta okwanira kwa zaka zana, Saudi Arabia - pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri, Russia - pasanathe zaka makumi atatu atasiyidwa mafuta chiphona.