Moyo mkombero siteji ndi chitukuko achule

Kayendedwe ka moyo wa chule, gametogenesis, umuna ndi zochitika zina nyengo amadalira zifukwa zambiri kunja. Moyo pafupifupi achule zidalira pa chiwerengero cha zomera ndi tizilombo mu dziwe, komanso mpweya ndi madzi kutentha. Achule secrete misinkhu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo larval (dzira - wosabadwayo - namchidwe - chule). Namchidwe metamorphosis mu wamkulu ndi chimodzi mwa kusinthika chidwi kwambiri mu zamoyo, kuyambira kusintha kukonza mtembo amadzimadzi pansi kukhalapo.

Development wa achule: zithunzi

Mu achule tailless, monga achule ndi achule, metamorphic kusintha kwambiri kutchulidwa iliyonse limba kusinthidwa. The mawonekedwe thupi amasintha kwambiri. Pambuyo kuoneka kumbuyo ndi kutsogolo miyendo mchira pang'onopang'ono kusiyiratu. Chondrocranium namchidwe m'malo mwa chigaza nkhope ya chule wamng'ono. mano tentha mthupi kuti ntchito kudya namchidwe dziwe zomera kutha, mkamwa ndi nsagwada akutenga mawonekedwe latsopano, minofu zambiri otukuka lilime, ndi bwino kuti akakole ntchentche ndi tizilombo tina. Elongated m'matumbo, ankaikira herbivores, adzafupikitsidwa kuti azolowere zakudya zimadya munthu wamkulu. Pa siteji zina za chitukuko cha achule makutu kutha ndi mapapo ukuwonjezeka.

Kodi chimachitika nthawi yomweyo pambuyo umuna?

Atangoyamba umuna, dzira iyamba kusuntha selo imodzi ndi gawo lina mu ndondomeko ya kugawikana. The pogawanikana pamawere loyamba la nyama mzati kumayamba ndipo amawachitira vertically pansi pa mtengo vegetal, kugawa dzira mu blastomeres awiri. The pogawanikana pamawere yachiwiri inachitika pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ufulu woyamba, kugawa dzira 4 blastomeres. The poyambira chachitatu pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino ufulu woyamba awiri, kukhala pafupi ndi nyama kuposa mzati vegetal. Amalekanitsa pamwamba anayi yaing'ono inki m'dera la pansi anayi. Pa nthawi imeneyi, mwana wosabadwayo 8 blastomeres kale. magulu winanso kukhala zochepa zonse. Chifukwa, dzira unicellular pang'onopang'ono n'kukhala zokhala ndi selo imodzi wosabadwayo, amene panthawi imeneyi imatchedwa blastula, limene mpaka pano mogwirizana 8-16 selo imayamba kufunafuna madzimadzi odzazidwa M'mimbamo danga. Pambuyo angapo kusintha Monolayer blastula n'kukhala ziwiri zimadutsa Ndisanaumbidwe (gastrula). Izi ndondomeko zovuta otchedwa gastrulation. siteji wapakatikati achotse achule pa stepi ino idzagwiritsa mapangidwe zigawo zitatu zodzitetezera: ectoderm, mesoderm ndi endoderm, amene amadziwika ngati chachikulu zigawo nyongolosi. Kenako zigawo zitatu izi zimaswa mphutsi.

Tadpoles (larval siteji)

Yotsatira siteji ya chitukuko cha chule pambuyo Ndisanaumbidwe ndi larva, omwe umatuluka containment chipolopolo mkati masabata 2 pambuyo umuna. Pambuyo otchedwa kumasulidwa kwa chule mphutsi amatchedwa tadpoles, omwe amakhala ngati nsomba yaing'ono pafupifupi 5-7 mm m'litali. mphutsi thupi zikuphatikizapo woima mutu, nthunthu ndi mchira. Udindo wa dongosolo kupuma ndi ankaimba ndi mitundu iwiri iwiri ya makutu yaing'ono kunja. Athanzi ziwalo namchidwe ndi kusinthidwa kwa kusambira ndi kupuma, mapapo zikukwaniritsidwa tsogolo la chule ku mmero wake.

metamorphosis wapadera

Madzi namchidwe amaloŵamo angapo kusintha kuti pamapeto pake uzidzatenga chule. Pa metamorphosis ena nyumba larval izo yafupika, ndi kusintha. Metamorphosis anayambitsa chithokomiro ntchito, zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu.

1. Kusintha maonekedwe. Kukula miyendo yakumbuyo, mafupa kukhala, pali zala. Forelimbs, komabe zobisika wapadera makutu zoteteza, kupita kunja. mchira yafupika, matabwa ake pang'ono ndi pang'ono wosweka ndi mu malo ake pali kanthu katsalira. Maso pa mbali ikuyenda pamwamba pa mutu wanu ndi kukhala oumbidwa, dongosolo lateral ziwalo mzere kutha, khungu wakale chitakonzedwa ndi watsopano, ndi zambiri zopangitsa khungu, akufotokozera. nsagwada tentha mthupi kutha pamodzi ndi khungu larval, iwo m'malo ndi nsagwada chenicheni, chichereŵechereŵe woyamba ndiyeno fupa. pakamwa kusiyana ndi kwambiri kuchuluka, kulola lalikulu chule kudya tizilombo.

2. Kusintha thunthu mkati. Makutu amayamba kutaya tanthauzo lake ndi zokha, kuwala likupitirirabe zinchito. kusintha lolingana zimachitika dongosolo mtima. Tsopano makutu pang'onopang'ono Kusiya udindo mu magazi, magazi kwambiri umayamba kuyenda mu mapapo. Zimakhala atatu chambered mtima. The kusintha kwa chakudya ambiri masamba zakudya mwangwiro zimadya amakhudza alimentary ngalande kutalika. Iwo wothinikizidwa ndi wokhota. pakamwa amakhala onse pachibwano kukhala ukuwonjezeka chinenero, m'mimba ndi chiwindi Komanso kukhala zazikulu. Pronephros m'malo impso mesospheric.

3. Kusintha moyo. Pa kusintha kwa mphutsi ku siteji wamkulu wa zamoyo wa chule ndi isanayambike metamorphosis, kusintha moyo achule. Nthawi zambiri mpaka pamwamba pa mlengalenga ndi zingakweze m'mapapo.

Chule - Muzikumbukira Baibulo la chule wamkulu

Pa zaka milungu 12, namchidwe ali ochepa okha ndiwo ka mchira ndipo akufanana ndi Baibulo ang'onoang'ono a munthu wamkulu, amene ndi sabata 16, kawirikawiri anamaliza mkombero zonse kukula. Development ndi mitundu zogwirizana ya achule, zina achule amene amakhala pamalo okwera mkulu kapena malo ozizira, angakhale mu siteji namchidwe onse yozizira. Ena mitundu mwina magawo yake yapadera ya chitukuko, zomwe amasiyana ndi anthu chikhalidwe.

chule lifecycle

achule ambiri zimaswana pa mvula, pamene malo ali ndi madzi. Tadpoles ndani ali osiyana kudya akulu tingalandire kuchuluka kwa algae ndi zomera mmadzi. Mazira wapadera zoteteza odzola wamkazi utaikidwa madzi kapena pa zomera ili pafupi, ndipo nthawizina sindikufuna akachedwa za mibadwo. Poyamba mazira kuyamwa nkhokwe zawo yolk. Kamodzi Ndisanaumbidwe wakhala namchidwe, namchidwe odzola dissolves ndi adzatuluke chipolopolo atiteteze. Chitukuko cha mazira chule mu wamkulu limodzi ndi kusintha zovuta (maonekedwe miyendo kuchepetsa mchira, ziwalo rearrangement, ndi zina zotero). Chifukwa cha zimenezi, akulu nyama matabwa ake, moyo ndi chilengedwe n'chosiyana kwambiri magawo a m'mbuyomu a chitukuko.