Mpumulo - ndi ... Werengani mpumulo. Geological kapangidwe ndi mpumulo

Mwa kuphunzira madera, zimachititsa chilumbachi, takumana ndi liwu monga alili. Kodi mawu amenewa ndi ndichiyani ntchito? M'nkhaniyi tiona kuthana ndi mawu, tikuphunzira zimene muli mitundu ndi mitundu ya chithandizo, ndi zina zambiri.

Lingaliro la mpumulo

Choncho, kodi mawu amenewa amatanthauza chiyani? Mpumulo - akonzedwa a monyanyira padziko lapansili, amene wapangidwa mitundu ya pulayimale. Pali ngakhale sayansi osiyana omwe amaphunzira ake chiyambi, mbiri, chitukuko, mphamvu ndi dongosolo mkati. anamutcha geomorphology. mpumulo imakhala njira zosiyana, ndiye matupi zachilengedwe, kuimira zigawo zake ndipo ndi kukula.

A zosiyanasiyana

Malinga ndi morphological gulu mfundo zachilengedwe matupi zachilengedwe zimakhala zabwino ndi zoipa. Choyamba iwo limatuluka pamwamba m'chizimezime, kupereka zochotsa pamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, munthu hillock, phiri, yachonde, phiri, etc .. The chachiwiri, motero, kupanga filimu wachibale kaja. Izi zikhoza kukhala chigwa mtengo, maganizo, zigwembe, etc. Monga tanena mawonekedwe mpumulo tichipeza zinthu zosiyana: .. pamalo (nkhope), mfundo mizere (konsekonse) kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino. Digiri ya mavuto kusiyanitsa yosavuta zovuta thupi lachibadwa. Mwa njira yosavuta monga tokhala, m'maenje, m'maenje T D.. Iwo ali osiyana morphological zinthu zimene kuphatikiza kupanga mawonekedwe a. Mwachitsanzo, munthu hillock. Iwo agawidwa magawo amenewa: phazi, otsetsereka, pamwamba. The mawonekedwe zovuta tichipeza angapo ophweka. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigwa. Pamafunikanso njirayo, kumvetsetsa otsetsereka ndi zina zotero.

Ndi otsetsereka digiri kusiyanitsa subhorizontal padziko (madigiri zosakwana 20), ndipo otsetsereka okonda (pa 20 madigiri). Iwo akhoza kukhala ndi akalumikidzidwa osiyana - molunjika, otukukira kunja, concave kapena analowa. Malinga ndi digiri ya Tambasula akhoza kugawidwa mu lotseguka ndi kutsekedwa.

mitundu ya mpumulo

Kuphatikiza mitundu pulayimale amene adzalandira chiyambi ofanana ndipo amawachitira mu malo ena amapereka mtundu alili. M'madera ambiri a dziko ndi zotheka kuphatikiza mitundu yambiri osiyana pa maziko a chiyambi ofanana kapena kusiyana. Zikatero, kulankhula za mitundu ya magulu mpumulo. Pamene gulu anapangidwa pamaziko a maphunziro awo, ife tikulankhula za mitundu chibadwa cha mitundu ya pulayimale. Mitundu yofala mpumulo m'dziko - chigwa ndi phiri. Msinkhu akhoza kugawidwa mu koyamba maganizo, mapiri, otsika, mapiri ndi zitunda zathyathyathya. Pakati wachiwiri olekanitsidwa apamwamba, mkulu, sing'anga ndi otsika.

lathyathyathya mtunda

Kudera limeneli, lomwe amakhala ndi yaing'ono (mamita mpaka 200) okwera wachibale, komanso ochepa ndiziwunda otsetsereka (mpaka madigiri 5). Kutalika mtheradi ndi yaing'ono (mpaka mamita 500). m'madera a padziko lapansi (dziko, nyanja ndi pansi pa nyanja), malingana ndi okwera ndi lowland (mamita mpaka 200), kukwezedwa (mamita 200-500), zomwe zili kapena mkulu (pa 500 meters). Relief m'Chigwa zimatengera makamaka mlingo wa ruggedness ndi chikuto dziko. Zimakhala loamy, dongo, peat, dothi la mchenga. Iwo akhoza kudula mitsinje, zigwembe ndiponso gullies.

mapiri mtunda

Dera limeneli ndi pamwamba kupanga monyanyira undulating lapansi ndi okwera mpaka mamita 500, ndi okwera wachibale wa mamita 200 ndi otsetsereka zosaposa madigiri 5. mapiri yapangidwa ndi yolimba, ndipo otsetsereka ndi pamwamba yokutidwa ndi nkhungu wosanjikiza wa thanthwe lotayirira. Matendawa, therebetween ndi mosabisa, lonse kapena lotseka dzenje.

kumapiriko

Lamapiri mtunda - pa mtunda ndi woimira padziko lathuli, ali kwambiri kukwezeka wachibale madera ozungulira. Iwo amakhala ndi misanje mtheradi wa mamita 500. malowa ali ndi zosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta mtunda, komanso zenizeni zachilengedwe ndi nyengo zinthu. Mitundu yaikulu ndi mapiri ndi otsetsereka khalidwe phompho, nthawi zambiri kuwasandutsa bluffs ndi ovuta ndipo m'zigwa ndi zigwembe inali pakati pa zitunda za. Madera phiri la padziko lapansi kwambiri mwakwera pamwamba mlingo wa nyanja, ndipo m'munsi wamba, amene limatuluka pamwamba zigwa ozungulira. Iwo zigwirizana angapo a mitundu mthunzi ndi chenicheni mpumulo. Malinga ndi mlingo wa msinkhu awo akhoza kugawidwa mu mapiri otsika (mpaka 800 meters), phiri pakati (800-2000 m) ndi mkulu okwera (mamita 2,000).

kudziyerekeza

Age mitundu chiyambidwe cha padziko lapansi ndi wachibale ndi mtheradi. Woyamba amakhazikitsa mapangidwe mpumulo ndi ulemu pamwamba ina (posapita nthawi). wachiwiri anatsimikiza ntchito miyala nthawi lonse. mpumulo aumbike mwa zimachitika nthawi zonse pakati pa gulu amkati ndi exogenous. Choncho, amkati njira udindo mapangidwe mbali yaikulu ya mitundu ya pulayimale ndipo exogenous M'malo mwake, funani kuti ugwirizane. The yothandiza magwero chachikulu cha mphamvu za dziko ndi dzuwa, musaiwale chikoka kwa chilengedwe ndi. Mapangidwe dziko lapansili akupezeka mchikakamizo yokoka. Ndiwo njira amkati angatchedwe mphamvu matenthedwe wa dzikoli, omwe amagwirizana ndi nyukiliya kuwola zikuchitika m'malaya ake. Choncho, mchikakamizo cha mphamvu zimenezi chokhala ndi zikuluzikulu chinapangidwa pa kutumphuka. njira amkati chifukwa mapangidwe zolakwa, makutu, kayendedwe wa lithosphere, kuphulika kwa mapiri ndi zivomezi.

kuzipenya Geological

phunziro ndipamene padziko lapansili, asayansi zikugwira geomorphology. ntchito yaikulu - kuphunzira nthaka, zimachititsa chilumbachi wa mayiko munthu, m'maiko, zachilengedwe. Mu kukafola zofunika kwa bwana makamaka m'dera ayenera kudziwa zimene zinachititsa pamaso pa kupanga pamwamba, kumvetsa chiyambi chake. Inde, malo, achinyamata kudzakhala kovuta kulingalira paokha pankhani zimenezi, choncho ndi bwino kuti kupempha thandizo m'mabuku kapena aphunzitsi. Yowerengera mpumulo kufotokoza, geomorphology timu muwoloke m'dera kuphunzira. Ngati mukufuna ulitsa okha njira, m'pofunika kuwonjezera polojekiti Mzere zotheka. Ndipo mu ndondomeko kafukufuku nthawi lichoke ku mseu waukulu m'mbali. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri makamaka kwa lowonekeratu mtunda zoipa, kumene nkhalango kapena zitunda kusokoneza kubwerezako.

sanjira

Kulemba zambiri (.. Mtunda ndi mapiri, lamapiri, olimbika, etc.), komanso m'pofunika ulitsa ndi kufotokoza payokha lililonse mchitidwe mpumulo - .. phompho otsetsereka chigwa Chigawo mtsinje chigwa, etc. Kuti mudziwe miyeso - kuya, m'lifupi, kutalika, angelo - Nthawi zambiri, monga iwo amati, kwa diso. Chifukwa chakuti mpumulo chimadalira pa dongosolo miyala ya m'deralo, kuzipenya anali ikuchitika, m'pofunika kufotokoza ndi dongosolo Geological ndi zikuchokera miyala amapanga pamwamba pa phunziro, osati maonekedwe awo. M'pofunika kusunga mwatsatanetsatane sinkholes, kugumuka, phanga ndi zina zotero. N. Kuwonjezera mafotokozedwe, chiyenera kuchitidwa ndi zojambula chojambula m'dera kuphunzira.

Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, mukhoza kufufuza m'derali yomwe ili pafupi ndi kwanu, ndipo mukhoza kufotokoza mpumulo wa dziko lonselo. njira imodzi, koma lonse ndi osiyana, ndipo nthawi kufufuza zambiri m'dzikoli adzakhala yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, pofuna kufotokoza mpumulo wa America South, ndi kukhazikitsa anthu ena kafukufuku, ndipo ngakhale ndiye kudzatenga chaka kuposa wina. Ndipotu, anati kumtunda amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mapiri motsatizana pamodzi Africa lonse, Amazon namwali nkhalango, ndi pampas Argentine, ndi zina zotero. E., amene amalenga mavuto zina.

Onani achinyamata Geo-morphologist

Kupanga mpumulo mapu a m'derali, Ndi bwino kufunsa anthu am'deralo mungapezeko kusunga linanena bungwe danga thanthwe zigawo ndi pansi. deta ndi zofunika kubweretsa m'dera dera ndi kufotokoza iwo mwatsatanetsatane ndi sewero. Pa zigwa za thanthwe zambiri poyera m'madera mitsinje kapena gullies kudula mwa pamwamba ndipo anapanga ovuta m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Komanso, zigawo izi Tingaone mu quarries kapena kumene msewu kapena amathamanga sitima pamodzi wosemedwa recess. Young miyala ndi nthaka zifotokoza ndi kufotokoza aliyense wosanjikiza thanthwe, m'pofunika kuyambira pansi. Pamene ntchito tepi muyeso, mukhoza miyezo anakhumba, amene ayeneranso analembedwa m'buku wakumunda. Malongosoledwe adzakhala zimasonyeza kukula ndi makhalidwe aliyense wosanjikiza chiwerengero ndi malo enieni.