The katundu mankhwala tungsten. Makhalidwe ndi ntchito tungsten

Tungsten - n'chofunika mankhwala tebulo nthawi m'dziko la Gulu VI. Mu chikhalidwe tungsten zikuchitika monga osakaniza isotopes asanu. Mwanjira ochiritsira ndi m'mikhalidwe ochiritsira, ndi olimba zitsulo siliva imvi mtundu. Komanso ndi refractory kwambiri zitsulo onse.

katundu Basic wa tungsten

Tungsten - chitsulo ndi chidwi thupi katundu ndi mankhwala. Pafupifupi nthambi zonse za ulimi wamakono ntchito tungsten. Ndondomeko zambiri kuti chimaonetsera zitsulo okusayidi mayina - WO _3. Tungsten ndiyo refractory zitsulo. Amaganiza kuti yekha seaborgium angakhale zambiri tugoplavok. Koma bola ngati izo sizingakhoze ananena, monga seaborgium ali aafupi kwambiri moyo.

zitsulo uyu ali enieni katundu thupi ndi mankhwala. Tungsten ali osalimba a makilogalamu 19300 / mamita ^3, limatsogolera ake kutentha ndi 3410 ° C. Ndi chizindikiro ichi yokha mpweya - graphite kapena diamondi. Mu chikhalidwe tungsten zikuchitika monga isotopes asanu khola. manambala awo misa mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 180 mpaka 186. Tungsten ali valence Mphindi 6, ndi mankhwala kungakhale 0, 2, 3, 4 ndi 5. zitsulo ali ndi mlingo mokwanira mkulu wa madutsidwe matenthedwe. Pakuti tungsten, chithunzi ndi 163 W / (m * deg). Malinga ndi katundu, ngakhale kuposa mankhwala monga kasakaniza wazitsulo zotayidwa. Misa tungsten chifukwa kachulukidwe wake umene uli wofanana 19kg / mamita ^3. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa tungsten ranges ku +2 kuti +6. zitsulo ali katundu acidic, ndi kutsikira mu mlingo wapamwamba wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ake - zofunikira.

Choncho kasakaniza wazitsulo mankhwala m'munsi tungsten amaonedwa osakhazikika. The kugonjetsedwa ambiri mankhwala ndi digiri ya sikisi. Iwo kuonetsa kwambiri khalidwe ndi mankhwala katundu wa zitsulo. Tungsten amamuchititsa mosavuta kupanga maofesi. Koma zitsulo tungsten ndi zambiri kugonjetsedwa kwambiri. Umayamba kucheza ndi mpweya yekha pa kutentha +400 ° C. The galasi latisi wa tungsten chikukhudza mtundu kiyubiki thupi zokha.

Mogwirizana ndi mankhwala ena

Ngati tungsten ndi wothira fluorine youma, pawiri akhoza zopezera pansi pa dzina "hexafluoride" imene chimasungunula pa kutentha 2,5 ° C ndi zithupsa pa 19,5 ° C. A zinthu zofanana analandira pamene pawiri wa tungsten ndi chlorine. Koma anachita zimenezi zimafuna kutentha m'malo okwezeka - pafupifupi 600 ° C. Komabe, chinthu mosavuta chimatsutsana kanthu owononga madzi ndi pafupifupi sasintha mu kuzizira. Tungsten - zitsulo, amene si popanda mpweya anachita umabala kuvunda mu alkalis. Komabe, mosavuta kotero mu chisakanizo cha HNO ₃ ndi HF. Ambiri mwa akuluakulu mankhwala a tungsten - ndi trioxide ake WO _3, H ₂ WO ₄ - asidi tungstic ndi ena ofanana - tungstates salt.

Munthu angathe tione katundu mankhwala tungsten ku maikwezhoni anachita. Mwachitsanzo, chilinganizo WO ₃ + 3H ₂ = W + 3H ₂ O. Iwo anachira kuyambira okusayidi tungsten zitsulo kuwonetsera chuma ake kucheza ndi wa hydrogen. aone kuti pali amasonyeza ndondomeko yodalirika izo kuchokera trioxide tungsten. Zotsatirazi chilinganizo amatanthauza chuma monga tungsten othandiza insolubility mu zidulo: W + 2HNO3 + 6HF = WF6 + 2NO + 4H2O. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zosaiwalika munali tungsten carbonyl ankaona. Therefrom ndi kulandira wandiweyani ultrathin ❖ kuyanika wa tungsten koyera.

History of anapeza

Tungsten - chitsulo ameneyo dzina la chinenero Latin. Kumasulira amatanthauza "froth nkhandwe ndi". Dzina zachilendo anaonekera chifukwa cha khalidwe la zitsulo. Pansiyi ncho miyala malata, tungsten, tini zinasokoneza kusankha. Chifukwa cha m'kati yadothi slag atangotha. zitsulo Izi ananena kuti "adya malata ngati nkhandwe kudya nkhosa." Anthu ambiri amadzifunsa amene anatulukira mankhwala mchitidwe tungsten?

Izi anapeza sayansi anapangidwa imodzi mwa malo awiri asayansi osiyana, payekhapayekha mzake. Mu 1781 a sayansi Scheele la Sweden analandira otchedwa "katundu mwala", akafuna kutulukira zinthu acid nitric ndi scheelite. Mu 1783, abale akatswiri dzina Spain, Eluard ananenanso atulukira chinthu chatsopano. More ndendende, iwo chatsegulidwa okusayidi tungsten kusungunuka ammonia.

The kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi zitsulo zina

Panopa kusiyanitsa osakwatiwa-gawo ndi Mipikisano gawo tungsten kasakaniza wazitsulo. Iwo ali chimodzi kapena zingapo zinthu zakunja. Ambiri amadziwika pawiri - ndi aloyi wa tungsten ndi molybdenum. Powonjezera molybdenum tungsten amatipatsa mphamvu pansi mavuto. Komanso mu gulu la osakwatiwa-gawo tungsten kasakaniza wazitsulo a mankhwala ndi titaniyamu, hafnium, zirconium. The plasticity wamkulu wa tungsten Ufumuyo rhenium. Komabe, kuchita ntchito aloyi - mwachilungamo nthawi yambiri ndondomeko, monga Rhenium ndi kovuta kupeza.

Popeza tungsten ndi imodzi mwa zipangizo kwambiri refractory, ndi kulandira tungsten kasakaniza wazitsulo - zovuta. Pamene zitsulo izi anakulirakulirabe kuwira, ena kale akusuntha mu boma madzi kapena mpweya. Koma asayansi amakono amatha kupeza kasakaniza wazitsulo mwa electrolysis. Kasakaniza wazitsulo munali tungsten, faifi tambala ndi cobalt, ntchito kutsatira wosanjikiza zoteteza pa zipangizo zosalimba.

Makampani ano zitsulo komanso anakonza kasakaniza wazitsulo ntchito ufa tungsten. Kuti akonze zofunika zinthu zapadera, kuphatikizapo chilengedwe cha chilengedwe zingalowe m'malo a. Chifukwa zina za mogwirizana tungsten ndi zinthu zina steelmakers amakonda kasakaniza wazitsulo sapeka ndi makhalidwe awiri gawo, ndipo ntchito 3, 4 kapena zambiri zigawo zikuluzikulu. kasakaniza wazitsulo zimenezi n'zofunika cholimba, koma ndi mitunduyi bwino litsatidwe. Pa kuchuluka pang'ono kupatuka aloyi zigawo angapatutse Chimaona ndi unusable.

Tungsten - amafotokozera, amene ntchito luso

Kuyambira lero zitsulo anapanga filament mababu wamba. Komanso, X-ray chubu zida kupanga zingalowe ng'anjo kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kwambiri mkulu. Zitsulo, womwenso tungsten ali mkulu mlingo kwambiri mphamvu. kasakaniza wazitsulo oterowo ntchito kupanga zida m'madera osiyanasiyana: chifukwa kuboola mankhwala, zomangamanga.

Ubwino waukulu wa mankhwala, ndi zitsulo tungsten - kuvala kukana unlikelihood kuwonongeka. Nyumba wotchuka mu aloyi tungsten amatchedwa "kupambana." Komanso chinthu ichi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani mankhwala a. Ndi Kuwonjezera analenga ake utoto inki. Makamaka chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'munda analandira izi tungsten okusayidi 6. ntchito yopanga carbides tungsten ndi halides. dzina lina nkhaniyi - tungsten trioxide. 6 Tungsten okusayidi ntchito monga pigment chikasu mu utoto kwa ziwiya zadothi ndi mankhwala galasi.

ndi zitsulo chiyani?

Onse kasakaniza wazitsulo tungsten ofotokoza zimene mkulu osalimba index, otchedwa lolemera. Iwo amatuluka yekha mwa njira zitsulo ufa. Tungsten nthawi zonse maziko aloyi katundu, mmene zili kungakhale kwa 98%. Komanso zitsulo izi anawonjezera kuti zitsulo faifi tambala, mkuwa ndi chitsulo. Komabe, iwo akhoza kulowa ndi chrome, siliva, cobalt, molybdenum. Kutchuka aakulu amene amadza zosakhalitsa zogona kasakaniza wazitsulo (tungsten - faifi tambala - chitsulo) ndi XIP (tungsten - faifi tambala - mkuwa). A mkulu mlingo wa kachulukidwe wa kasakaniza wazitsulo izi zimawathandiza kuyamwa oopsa Popanga madzi a gamma cheza. Wa flywheels ameneŵa mawilo, ojambula magetsi, rotors kwa gyroscope.

carbide tungsten

Pafupifupi theka la tungsten ntchito yopanga zitsulo cholimba, carbide makamaka tungsten, amene ali limatsogolera kutentha kwa 2770 C. Tungsten carbide ndi pawiri mankhwala, muli ofanana chiwerengero cha maatomu a carbon ndi tungsten. aloyi uyu ali katundu yeniyeni mankhwala. Tungsten akuupereka mphamvu yakuti kuposa izi zitsulo chizindikiro kawiri.

Tungsten carbide ntchito kwambiri mu makampani. Chifukwa chopangidwa zinthu kudula kukhala kugonjetsedwa kwambiri kutentha ndi kumva kuwawa. Komanso chifukwa cha mchitidwe ino:

• mbali ndege, injini ya galimoto.
• Tsatanetsatane pa ndege.
• Medical ndi opaleshoni zida, amene ntchito opaleshoni m'mimba. zinthu zimenezi ndi okwera mtengo kusiyana ndi zochiritsira zitsulo, koma iwo ali waphindu.
• Zodzikongoletsera, makamaka chinkhoswe mphete. Chotero kutchuka tungsten zogwirizana mphamvu, kwa banja yomwe imaimira mphamvu mabwenzi, komanso maonekedwe. Features wopukutidwa tungsten mu mawonekedwe moti kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri zimasunga galasi, chonyezimira maonekedwe.
• Mipira kwa mpira mfundo zolembera mwanaalirenji.

Win - tungsten aloyi

Pafupifupi mu theka lachiwiri la 1920s ndi mayiko ambiri ayamba kasakaniza wazitsulo amapangidwa kudula zipangizo, amene ali okonzeka ku carbide tungsten ndi zitsulo cobalt. Mu Germany, chotero aloyi otchedwa Vidya, mu United States - Karbolit. Mu Soviet Union, aloyi zimenezi amatchedwa "kupambana." kasakaniza wazitsulo izi zinali zabwino zochizira katundu pulasitala chitsulo. Win ndi aloyi ceramic zitsulo ndi msinkhu kwambiri mkulu wa chitetezo. Timadzipereka mwa mawonekedwe a mbale mosiyanasiyana osiyana ndi makulidwe.

Pobedita kupanga ndondomeko ndi motere: kutenga tungsten carbide ufa, ufa wosalala wa faifi tambala kapena cobalt, ndipo zinthu zonse wosakaniza ndi mwamtundu amatha kuumba wapadera. The mbale mbamuikha Choncho pansi zina kutentha mankhwala. Ichi chimapereka aloyi zovuta kwambiri. mbale izi osati ntchito yodula chitsulo chosungunula, komanso kupanga zida kubowola. Mbale wa pobedita soldered pa zida pobowola ntchito mkuwa.

Kuwanda kwa tungsten m'chilengedwe

zitsulo Ichi ndi kufala pang'ono kwambiri chilengedwe. Pambuyo zinthu zonse 57 zimatengera malo pali monga Clark tungsten. Komanso, zitsulo ndi mchere - scheelite ndi wolframite. Tungsten zimachokera mu pansi kapena ion kapena mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Koma ndende yaikulu ndi negligible mu pansi. Ndi hundredths ochepa a mg / L ndi pafupifupi sasintha mankhwala katundu wawo. Tungsten nawonso anamasulidwa mu matupi madzi achilengedwe zomera madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale.

Zotsatira pa thupi la munthu

Tungsten nkomwe amabwera mu kukhudzana ndi madzi kapena chakudya. Pangakhale chiopsezo inhalation ndi tinthu tungsten pamodzi ndi mpweya kuntchito. Komabe, ngakhale kuti wachokera ku gulu la zitsulo, tungsten ndi sanali poizoni. Tungsten poyizoni kudzachitika pokhapo anthu amene ali ogwirizana ndi ulimi wa tungsten. Mlingo wa zotsatira zitsulo thupi angakhale osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ufa tungsten, carbide tungsten, ndipo ngati chinthu monga asidi anhydrite tungstic, kungawononge m'mapapo. Zizindikiro zikuluzikulu - malaise, malungo. Zizindikiro More aakulu otani pamene poizoni kasakaniza wazitsulo tungsten. Izi zimachitika ndi inhalation wa kasakaniza wazitsulo fumbi ndipo kumayambitsa chifuwa, m'mapapo mwanga fibrosis.

Zachitsulo tungsten, kugwa mkati thupi, si odzipereka mu intestine ndipo kenako anasonyeza. Angaimire waukulu mankhwala ngozi tungsten za thupi sungunuka. Iwo waikamo mu ndulu, mafupa ndi khungu. Nthawi yaitali mankhwala tungsten angayambe zizindikiro monga misomali Chimaona, khungu khungu, yosiyanasiyana dermatitis.

M'matangadza wa tungsten m'mayiko osiyanasiyana

Yaikulu tungsten thandizo ku Russia, Canada ndi China. Asayansi akuganiza kuti gawo zoweta pafupifupi 943 zikwi matani zitsulo izi. Ngati timakhulupirira Ziwerengero awa, ambiri nkhokwe ili ku Southern Siberia ndi Far East. zochepa chabe chuma nusu - si za 7%.

Ndi nambala ya madipoziti kutsimikiziridwa wa tungsten Russia ndi yokha China. Ambiri a iwo zili m'madera a Kabardino-Balkaria ndi Buryatia. Koma m'minda izi si opangidwa tungsten koyera ndi miyala yake komanso munali molybdenum, golide, bismuth, tellurium, scandium, ndi zinthu zina. magawo awiri a buku wa tungsten chifukwa kufufuza magwero litapakidwa ores refractory, kumene waukulu volframosoderzhaschim mchere ndi scheelite. The gawo legkoobogatimyh nkhani miyala chabe lachitatu la kupanga. Kaperekedwe tungsten opangidwa ku Russia n'chozama kupitirira kunja. Ores muli anthu ambiri wa tungsten trioxide. Mu Russia, ochepa zitsulo alluvial madipoziti. Tungsten mchenga komanso osauka khalidwe ndi zambiri oxides.

Tungsten mu chuma

Global tungsten kupanga anayamba kukula kwa za 2009, pamene ndinayamba kuchira makampani Asian. Sewerolo waukulu wa tungsten ndi China. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2013 gawo popanga mu dziko lino nkhani 81% a kapezedwe dziko. About 12% ya kufunika kwa tungsten kugwirizana ndi kupanga mindandanda yamasewera kuyatsa. Akatswiri amanena ntchito tungsten m'dera limeneli lidzagwiritsidwa yafupika nthawi chithandizo ndi nyali LED ndi fulorosenti chilengedwe zoweta ndi ntchito.

Akukhulupirira kuti padzakhala Kowonjezereka kwa tungsten kupanga zipangizo zamagetsi. Mkulu avale kulimbikira tungsten ndi mphamvu yake kukhala magetsi kupanga izi kwambiri abwino zitsulo kwa kupanga owongolera voteji. Komabe, mwa mawu a ankafuna akadali yaing'ono, ndipo akuti pofika 2018 adzakhala kukula ndi% 2 okha. Komabe, malinga Asayansi akuganiza kuti posachedwapa chiyenera kuwonjezeka kwa carbide manowa. Ichi ndi chifukwa kukula kwa yopanga magalimoto ku US, China, Europe, ndi kuwonjezeka mu makampani migodi. Amaona kuti ndi 2018, kufunika kwa tungsten zingawonjezere ndi 3.6%.