Moyo ntchito - ndichiyani? Science, zapaderazi

Kumayambiriro 21 m'ma TH, ambiri mabuku nkhani zokhudza kafukufuku, kuphunzitsa, ndi maphunziro a ana ndi mwayi zochepa maganizo. Ndi chinthu kuti maphunziro a ntchito moyo. Ndi chiyani icho? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nthambi ya Defectology, amene amawerenga nkhani pokonzekera moyo wa anthu maganizo kupepera ndipo akulankhula nkhani konzanso kwawo zambiri.

History maganizo anthu kuti maganizo

Mu sayansi yamakono palibe zokhudza malo mukukhala ndi anthu nthenda mu osatukuka. Komabe, kwa ena kudziwika chakuti anthu mamembala a anthu amene sanathe nawo kupeza chakudya, kapena kuphedwa okha kapena kuphedwa.

Mukhoza sinditchula mtima anthu uweme kwa wofooka-apamwamba, osati kalelo, komanso Ages Middle. Anthu oterowo ankawaona woperewera mfundo anthu ndi wathedwa Choncho, sayenera chifundo ndi thandizo. Society anayesa kudziteteza kwa anthu amene makhalidwe kwambiri kapena zochepa kupweteka zofuna zake.

Inasintha poyerekezera ndi maganizo anali French kuukira boma (1786-1793 gg.). chochitika Ichi chinali chiyambi cha chida chatsopano m'mbiri yakale chitukuko cha anthu lonse. Komanso, zisinthe uyu kwakhudza wautali kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi mu zosiyanasiyana chidziwitso. Mu 1793 iye anatulutsa Declaration of Human Rights, amene, monga mwa malamulo angapo, ananena kuti chithandizocho anthu osauka ayenera kuonedwa ngati ntchito zopatulika. Pankhaniyi, amaona osati monga sadaka kapena chikondi, koma monga ndi ntchito ya boma.

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, vuto la maganizo kukhala makamaka pachimake. nthawi ili yodziwika ndi chitukuko mofulumira makampani, kuchuluka masuku pamutu wa antchito ndi kuwonongeka kwambiri moyo wawo. Zonsezi kwachititsa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha ana nthenda. N'chifukwa chake kuphunzira maganizo anatengedwa kupita mbali chifukwa cha psycho-pedagogical ndi chikhalidwe matenda. Ntchito yonse inali ikuchitika kupititsa patsogolo chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha nzeru anthu ofooka-apamwamba.

Anapitiriza ntchito m'dera limeneli chinathandiza maluwa mofulumira sayansi zachilengedwe. Izi zinathandiza kuti zikamera mu 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20, malo awiri kumvetsetsa chofunikira ndi chikhalidwe cha maganizo. owayimilira anadzipereka khama lawo pa ntchito yofunafuna zimayambitsa ndi phunziro matenda a kudwala, komanso monga kuphunzitsa ana maganizo kupepera. Choncho zothandiza kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha ntchito moyo yotentha ndi azamisala monga B. Weigand, Serbskii VI Yakovenko ndi ena.

Kugwirizana ndi maganizo a Lazaro

Kusamalira osauka ndi opusa mu dziko lathu mu masiku akale anali woyamba kusonyeza Mpingo Orthodox. Tikutero chifukwa zikalata zofunikira chibwenzi kumbuyo cha m'ma 10.

Mu Yairo anthu akale ankaona anthu maganizo kupepera zovomerezeka kwa Mulungu ndi anthu ena ndi aura chinsinsi ndi zopatulika. Komabe, opusa, kuyendayenda m'misewu ya dziko, chifukwa kwambiri zoipa. Iwo anapanga chiwerengero chachikulu cha zolakwa ndi anachita kuwotcha dala. N'chifukwa chake kunali kofunika kupeza iwo kwa anthu. Woyamba bungwe ngati anatsegula mu Riga, Dr. Friedrich Plyats. Zinali zachipatala-pedagogical bungwe la kupepera maganizo ndi matenda okomoka. Iwo watumikira bungwe mpaka 1941.

Zochitika pa maphunziro ndi kuphunzitsa ana nthenda kunachitika mu Russia ndi mabungwe nkhondo ndi thandizo la kusukulu zapadera.

Correctional amene mbiri wochimwa latsopano m'zaka 19 mochedwa, walandira kutsogolera wamphamvu chitukuko cha ntchito yabwino ya azamisala I. G. Ignatevoy ndi P. I. Kovalevskogo. Komabe, iwo nthawi zambiri anatchula chosowa njira boma kuti chitukuko cha ana maganizo kupepera. Ndiye E. K. Gracheva, chinkhoswe kafukufuku m'munda wa maphunziro nthenda ana ndi maphunziro, kunenanso mavuto kwa anthu kunyalanyaza kuchita zimenezi.

Soviet siteji ya chitukuko boma wathu umasiyana kulenga kusiyanitsidwa zopezera mabungwe wapadera. Iwo anali wotseguka ku maphunziro a ana a nzeru otsika.

Moyo ntchito - sayansi, imene nthawi Soviet inakulitsidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya IG Eremenko, IP Lauzhikasa, IA Groshenkova, M. N. Perova komanso ofufuza ena ambiri.

Pakali pano, chilango ichi anaphunzira ku Institute of Correctional Pedagogy wa Pedagogical Sciences la Chitaganya cha Russia. Modern moyo ntchito - ndichiyani? mbali iyi, kuphunzira dongosolo ndi mbali mu chitukuko cha ana maganizo kupepera, zomwe zimapezeka mu kuphunzira. Kafukufuku mderali ikuchitika asayansi amakono oligophrenopedagogs. Pamaziko a ntchito yawo kusintha zina dongosolo, osati wapadera, komanso maphunziro ambiri.

Kulankhulana ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Oligophrenopedagogics sangathe kupulumuka ndi kukula popanda angapo nkhani ina, amene salembedwa lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu midadada atatu. Izi sayansi ya zamankhwala, maganizo ndi pedagogical. ndi tanthauzo la malo amenewa pa ntchito ubwino wotani?

Koma sayansi ndi mankhwala, ndi thandizo lawo, asayansi amene amaphunzira vuto la ana maganizo kupepera, amatha kumvetsa zimayambitsa zamoyo matenda ndi chikhalidwe cha kusintha zimene zinachitika mu thupi la wodwalayo. Mu gawo ili mudzapeza: ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi thunthu, ubongo neuroscience, maganizo ndi psychopathology, Pediatrics ndi chibadwa. amalanga izi kulola asayansi kumvetsa zinthu zimene kupepera chitukuko cha mwana, amene amalola kuti bwino kukhala dongosolo la maphunziro.

Ndi zoposa yogwirizana ntchito moyo? zamaganizo anthu (general, yapadera ndi pedagogical) - mwambo kuti maphunziro zili zofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito moyo. Kulola kuzindikira dongosolo akupezekera ana olumala aluntha. Komanso ndi awo thandizo oligophrenopedagogs asayansi kupeza mfundo zako maganizo zikuchitika odwala amenewa. Zimenezi zimathandiza kufufuza zimalimbikitsa kuika mu njira chizolowezi ndi njira.

The maphunziro a ana olumala aluntha ali yopambana thandizo pedagogy. chilango Zimenezi zimathandiza kuthandauza limatchula mfundo, zolinga ndi ochititsa kuphunzira ophunzira maganizo kupepera. Mu pedagogy ili njira abwereka, njira ndi luso pofuna kupanga kuphunzitsa gulu la ophunzira. Ku nyumba iyi imakhala sayansi angapo. Ena mwa iwo ndi wamba, chikhalidwe ndi wapadera pedagogy ndi didactics cha ntchito yophunzitsa.

Lingaliro ambiri chilango

Choncho, masiku moyo ntchito - ndichiyani? Ndi sayansi, amene akufotokozera gulu maphunziro, amene angathe kupereka mwayi osati munthu, komanso njira kusiyanitsidwa kwa ana ndi nzeru otsika. Komanso, kulanga ankanena za njira ndi mfundo za maphunziro za ophunzira, nkhani ya maphunziro awo ntchito ndi maphunziro ambiri. Monga njira patokha ntchito moyo sayansi ndi kutsatira malangizo a mwambo kulenga machitidwe ndi nyumba monga masukulu ntchito mabungwe wapadera maphunziro.

mfundo

Kuti aliyense amene akufunsa za ntchito za umoyo - ndichiyani ofunika kudziwa kuti chilango chimene ali gwero mofanana pedagogy. Ikufotokozanso za njira ambiri a phunziro, maziko a ndondomeko za maphunziro, ndi zina zotero. D. Only mosiyana pedagogy, munda asayansi kugwiritsa ntchito ndi ana maganizo kupepera zochokera zizindikiro zawo. Pa nthawi yomweyo mfundo za ntchito moyo, monga maphunziro ndi maphunziro, chitukuko ndi mapangidwe munthu, ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana monga pedagogy ambiri.

njira zoyambirira

Asayansi oligophrenopedagogs ntchito ikuchitika:

• kafukufuku;
• anaziika;
• mafunso;
• Kuphunzira ntchito ana;
• kuyesa;
• Kuphunzira zolembedwa za chilengedwe maganizo ndi pedagogical.

njira izi zochita moyo sayansi. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Pochititsa kuzipenya ndinapanga phunziro cholinga cha chodabwitsa pedagogical. Chifukwa, wofufuza analandira zinthu zenizeni. Penyetsetsani chimaika cholinga, kuli ndi mavuto ake, komanso chinthu. Pa ndondomeko yake kuphedwa (kaundula) ikutsatiridwa.

Nthawi zambiri ntchito ya asayansi zochokera kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi iwo, imodzi mwa njira zomwe ndi kukambirana. Timatha inu kuti mudziwe yoyenera kuti anthu amvetse sizinali bwino moti pamene ntchito njira zina zochitika moyo. Zokambirana unachitikira pa ndondomeko anakonzeratu.

Ndisonyezeni zosonkhanitsira ikuluikulu ya mudziwe zimathandiza asayansi kafukufuku. Pa msonkhano olandira anachita chiyani mu kulemba mafunso.

No ofufuza zinthu zochepa n'zofunika m'kati kuphunzira zinthu zopangidwa ndi ana olumala aluntha. mankhwala amenewa zosiyanasiyana zamanja, zojambula ndi makope ndi ulamuliro wa ntchito ndipo ntchito mu amalanga ena.

Correctional njira zotsatirazi zochokera kuphunzira zolemba zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe psycho-pedagogical. Izi zolemba zamankhwala ndi owona munthu wa ana, zolemba zawo, magazini ozizira, makhalidwe maphunziro, ndi zina zotero. D. Mothandizidwa ndi njira kupeza cholinga deta zikusonyeza mchitidwe wa bungwe la kuphunzira.

A udindo wapadera ndi ankaimba ndi kuyesera mu maphunziro. Ndi mwapadera bungwe phwando ndi, njira kapena okhutira ntchito. Cholinga cha njira imeneyi ndi kudziwa mphamvu ya kuphunzira kuphunzitsa. kuyesera imakhala njira zotsatirazi:

• ndi ongolankhula chiphunzitso cha vutoli, kutanthauzira zolinga, mutu ndi chinthu kafukufuku, ntchito zachitukuko ndi hypothesizing;
• Zochitika methodological njira kafukufuku ndi zotsatira za njira zina processing;
• Pogwira zimenezo mu mawonekedwe a masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi pulogalamu, mndandanda wa ntchito ndi zina zotero etc..
• mawunikidwe Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe kusanthula deta zilipo, chiphunzitso cha mfundo ndi kukafola malangizo othandiza.

Kugwira ntchito ndi ana maganizo kupepera

Pali ntchito ngati - "moyo ntchito". Iwo akamagwira anthu amene pambuyo kuphunzitsa ndi kuphunzitsa ana olumala aluntha. Komabe, tiyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti ntchito angapo mbali zenizeni. Choncho, ntchito oligophrenopedagogs zikuphatikizapo osati magawo ndi ophunzira awo kuti amvetse ndi katundu wa nzeru kusukulu. katswiri Izi umachititsa ana ndi luso lofunika tsogolo ufulu. Only pa kuphedwa bwino ntchito imeneyi, mwana ndi matenda adzatha kuti agwirizane zomwe ndi mfundo za dziko.

Oligophrenopedagogics - ntchito umalimbana osati kwa ana komanso makolo awo, amenenso ali osowa malangizo a dokotala wodziwa. Aphunzitsi malipiro a maphunziro ndende ndi pang'ono kuposa anzake mu sukulu wamba. Ndipo ndi ntchito wamfupi tsiku. Komanso, oligophrenopedagogs ntchito ndi magulu a ana (anthu 8 mpaka 12).

Ophunzira amakonda kuzindikira ubwino wa mphunzitsi wake ndi kuyikonda iyo. Komabe, ntchito ndi ana ndi nzeru otsika, mphamvu si aliyense. Chotero mphunzitsi ayenera kukhala ndi chidaliro. Popanda chikhalidwe ichi, anataya zonse tanthauzo la ntchito ndi anthu amene akufunika thandizo lapadera. Kukhulupirira mwana chifundo - izi ndi zinthu popanda zomwe izo sizigwira ntchito, palibe njira pedagogical.

katswiri uyu ayenera kuona uliwonse mwana ndi olumala wapadera umunthu ndi khama. Inde, ntchito imeneyi amagwirizana ndi yaikulu kwambiri m'maganizo ndi zina thupi. Koma ataona kuti mwana pang'onopang'ono, sitepe ndi sitepe, amakwaniritsa kupambana watsopano - ndi chimwemwe chenicheni kwa mphunzitsi.

kuntchito

Oligophrenopedagogs chinkhoswe ndi ana awo kindergartens ndi masukulu a ana olumala aluntha. Jobs ngati akatswiri komanso zosiyanasiyana konzanso ndi malo ochezera. Adamfunsa mwa ntchito, ndi m'masukulu ena sekondale ndiponso zipatala, amene makalasi lotseguka kwa ana ndi retardation maganizo. Makamaka oligophrenopedagogs amathandiza dokotala-neuropsychiatrist. Izi ndi zoona makamaka nkhani zikuluzikulu, matenda a pathologies wa psyche mwanayo.

zofunika khalidwe

Oligophrenopedagogs sangagwire popanda chifundo ndi chikondi cha ana. Komanso, tiyenera ngati katswiri khama ndi udindo, khama ndiponso kuti azisangalala ndi chirichonse, ngakhale bwino zazing'ono Zipatalazo awo. Mkhalidwe zofunika kwa amasankha ntchito yeniyeni ndi kufuna kupeza zinthu zatsopano. Ndipotu, sayansi kupitabe patsogolo mosaleka, ndi mphunzitsi ayenera kukhala wofunitsitsa kuphunzira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono latsopano ndi njira mawu ake. Kupeza zinthu zatsopano, mukhoza maphunziro ntchito moyo. Izi kusintha alipo ndiponso kuphunzira za zinthu zatsopano ofufuza m'munda umenewu.

kudziŵa

Aphunzitsi ntchito ndi ana maganizo kupepera ayenera kumvetsa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa kuyan'anila awo alipo, njira kukonza nazo komanso athe amayang'anitsitsa zotsatira za ntchito yake. Ndipo amafunika kuphunzitsidwa yoyenera ntchito moyo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mukhoza kulowa Moscow State Pedagogical University. yunivesite uyu ali defectology luso imaphunzitsa akatswiri pa nkhani imeneyi. maphunziro mbiri moyo ntchito.

Wofuna ntchito ndi Akuuza Moscow City Pedagogical University. Potemkin. Correctional Education pa mkhalidwe wa Education Special onse akufuna yolumikizana moyo wawo ndi ntchito yovuta. Pali wina yunivesite matauni kuti amakonzekera ogwira woyenerera munda. Izi Moscow State ovutika University. Sholokhov. Bungwe maphunziro ali defectology mphamvu, yomwe imaphunzitsa akatswiri mu malangizo akuphunzira.

Pezani oligophrenopedagogs ntchito kungakhale zina mabungwe apamwamba maphunziro a Russia.