Mtengo wa Chokoleti: Chithunzi ndi ndemanga. Kodi mtengo wa chokoleti umakula kuti?

Dziko lakwawo la chokoleti limadziwika ngati dziko la Central ndi South America. Tsopano nkhuku yamchere (chokoleti mtengo), yomwe ili ya banja la Sterkuliev, sipezeka. Chomeracho chakhala chokongoletsedwa kuyambira nthawi ya chitukuko cha dziko la South America ndi aSpanish. Amalimidwa m'minda.

Theobroma ndi dzina lachi Greek lakale la mtengo, kutanthauza "chakudya cha milungu". Izo zimalondola kwenikweni dzina lake. Zakudya zabwino zomwe zimapezeka ku nyemba za kakale zimakhala ndi kukoma kwaumulungu. Chokoleti, kaya ndi zakumwa zotentha, matalala olimba, maswiti, pasitala kapena kirimu, zimayambitsa changu cha munthu aliyense.

Chigawo cha kukula kwa kakao

Kumadera kumene mtengo wa chokoleti umakula, zochitika zapadera ndi nyengo zimakhalapo. Amakhala makamaka m'madera otentha akudutsa kudutsa America, Africa ndi Oceania. Mayiko a ku Africa ndiwo omwe amapereka ma nyemba a cocoa nyemba. Amapereka 70 peresenti ya mankhwalawa ku msika wa mdziko.

Wogulitsa wamkulu kwambiri ndi Ghana. Ku likulu la dziko lino - Accra - idakhazikitsa msika waukulu kwambiri ku Africa, komwe nyemba za nyemba zimagulitsidwa. Kukolola kwa nyemba za chokoleti ku Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) kumafikira 30 peresenti ya zonse zopangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Indonesia imatchedwanso kuti ndi msika wogulitsa kwambiri.

Zipatso zochuluka zimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku mitengo ya chokoleti ku chilumba cha Bali, komwe nyengo yamapiri ndi dothi lachonde lachonde ndilobwino kuti kukula kwa cocoa. Mbewu za nkhuku zimachotsedwa ku Nigeria, Brazil, Cameroon, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Malaysia ndi Colombia.

Kukula kwa nkhalango

Zimakhala zovuta kupeza mtengowo wambiri kuposa kocoa. Imafuna zinthu zapadera pa moyo. Khalani ndi kubereka chipatso chodabwitsa chokha - mtengo wa chokoleti - umatha kukhala ndi nkhalango zambiri zamtunda. Chomerachi chili m'munsi mwa nkhalango. Kumeneko, mthunzi ndi dothi sizingatheke, ndipo ulamuliro wa kutentha umakhala ndi zizindikiro kuyambira +24 mpaka +28 ⁰ С.

Amakonda malo okhala ndi masamba, omwe amatha kutsekemera, otsekedwa, omwe mvula imatsanulira mvula yambiri ndipo palibe mphepo. Mkhalidwe woterewu wa kukula ungapangitse kokha kanyumba kamene kamapanga mvula yamvula yambiri yamvula.

Mwachitsanzo, ku Amazon kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yamvula, pamene mitsinje yamtunda ikubwera kuchokera ku mabanki, kutembenuzira mabwinja kukhala nyanja zopanda malire pamtunda, mtengo uliwonse wa chokoleti umatha pafupifupi masabata m'madzi. Komabe, pansi pa zochitika zoterozo, zomera sizowola, koma, mosiyana, pitirizani kukula.

Kukula mtengo wa chokoleti m'minda

Mtengo wa chokoleti wosasangalatsa umakhala wofuna kutentha. Sizingatheke kukula ngati kutentha sikukwera pamwamba pa 21 ^° C. Kutentha kwabwino kwa kukula kwake ndi 40 ^° C. Ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo ndizovulaza dzuwa.

Choncho, pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mitengo imakula bwino, imabzalidwa maluwa osakanikirana. Koka ndi yabwino pakati pa mapeyala, nthochi, mango, kokonati ndi mitengo ya mphira. Mitengo yamtengo wapatali, yomwe imawonekera mosavuta ku matenda osiyanasiyana, imafuna kusamalidwa nthawi zonse ndi kusamalidwa bwino. Zokolola zochokera kwazo zimachotsedwa kokha.

Kufotokozera mtengo wa chokoleti

Kawirikawiri, kutalika kwa mitengo yobiriwira yomwe imakhala yobiriwira ndi mamita 6. Komabe, zitsanzo zina sizikufunika kuti zifike ku 9 kapena ngakhale mamita 15. Mitengo ikuluikulu ya zomera (mpaka masentimita 30 mu matabwa achikasu) imaphimbidwa ndi khungwa la bulauni ndipo imakhala ndi korona wofiira, nthambi zamtengo wapatali.

Mitengo yomwe imatha kumakhala mumthunzi wa zomera, yomwe imakhala ndi mvula, imakhala ndi masamba akuluakulu. Kukula kwa masamba ochepa, okwanira, ozolowereka, omwe ali ndi masamba obiriwira, kukhala pa petioles, kumafanana ndi kukula kwa tsamba la nyuzipepala. Kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 40, ndipo m'lifupi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 15.

Chifukwa cha masamba akuluakulu, mtengo wa chokoleti umagwira zinyenyesero za kuwala, osangowonongeka ndi zomera zobiriwira zomwe zimakhala ndi kutalika kwake. Kukula kwa masamba akuluakulu sikutanthauza kuti pang'onopang'ono (masamba samasungunuka wina ndi mzake). Amadziwika ndi kusokoneza chitukuko. Izi zimachititsa kuti liwu likhale lolimba kwa milungu ingapo komanso miyezi ingapo ndipo silimakula, ndiye kuti mwadzidzidzi palikumveka kwakukulu pa chitukuko chawo - zidutswa zingapo zikuphulika.

Fruiting ikuchitika chaka chonse. Maluwa oyambirira ndi mapangidwe a zipatso amachitika pa zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri za zomera. Nthawi ya fruiting imakhala kwa iwo zaka 30-80. Zipatso mtengo wa chokoleti kawiri pachaka. Zomera zambiri zimabereka pambuyo pa zaka 12 za moyo.

Mbalameyi, yomwe imapangidwa ndi maluwa ang'onoang'ono a pinki, imayendayenda pamakungwa omwe akuphimba mitengo ikuluikulu ndi nthambi zazikulu. Sungunulani mavitamini omwe amachititsa kuti fungo likhale losangalatsa, pakatikati. Zipatso zamtundu ndi zachikasu, zofanana ndi mawonekedwe a vwende laling'ono, lopangidwa kuchokera ku mitengo ikuluikulu. Pamwamba pake amadulidwa ndi khumi grooves.

Mbewu ya mtengo wa chokoleti

Amafunikira miyezi inayi kuti akhwime. Chifukwa cha kusakaniza kwautali kwa zipatso, mitengo imakhala yozungulira maluwa ndi zipatso. Mu zipatso 30 cm kutalika, 5-20 masentimita awiri ndi kulemera kwa 200-600 g, 30-50 nyemba za nyemba zonyezimira. Nyemba zimayimbidwa ndi chikopa chokopa cha chikopa cha chikasu, chofiira kapena lalanje. Kutalika kwa mbewu iliyonse ya amondi ndi 2-2.5 masentimita, ndipo m'lifupi ndi 1.5 masentimita.

Mzere wa nyemba wa nyemba umazunguliridwa ndi nyama yowakometsera yokoma, yomwe imalemekezedwa ngati gologolo ndi anyani. Amayamwa zamchere, kutaya zinthu zamtengo wapatali kwa anthu - nyemba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipangizo zopangira cocoa ndi chokoleti.

Kusonkhanitsa zipatso za kakao

Popeza mtengo wa chokoleti ndi wapamwamba kwambiri, osati machete omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha zipatso, komanso mipeni yomwe imayikidwa pamitengo yaitali. Zipatso zocheka zimadulidwa mu 2-4 mbali. Nyemba zomwe zimachokera pamasamba ndi dzanja, zifalikira kuti ziume pamasamba a nthochi, pallets kapena mabokosi otsekedwa.

Mukamayanika mbewu dzuwa, kakala imasintha kukoma kokoma kwambiri ndi zolembera, zomwe sizothandiza kwambiri. Choncho, kukonda kumaperekedwa kwa kuyanika kutsekedwa kwa nyemba. Nthawi yopuma imatenga masiku awiri mpaka 9. Pa kuyanika, kuchuluka kwa mbewu kumachepa.

Mbewu yopangira mbewu

Nkhawa za koka za brownish-zitsamba zofiira zimakhala ndi kukoma kwa mafuta ndi zonunkhira. Mbewu, yosungunuka, yowonongeka, yokazinga komanso yonyamula zikopa zowonongeka, zowonongeka ndi kutsekedwa mu sieve, kupeza phindu la koka.

Nsalu zamagulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga feteleza, ndipo ufa umafunika kukonza fakitale iliyonse ya chokoleti. Mtengo wa Chokoleti , kapena m'malo mwake zida zake, zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku mbewu - ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti zakudya zambiri zikhale zabwino.

Kuchokera m'nthaka yokazinga, nthaka imakhala yobiriwira, mwa chozizira, chokoleti chowawa chimapezeka. Kuwonjezera zotsatirazi ndi shuga, vanila, mkaka wothira ndi zina zowonjezera, pangani chokoleti chosiyana.

Kuchokera yokazinga zipatso, anagonjetsedwa, koka batala ndi analandira. Zotsalira zotsalira pambuyo polimbikitsidwa zimayika mu ufa wa kakao. Motero, zinthu ziwiri zamtengo wapatali zimapatsa anthu mtengo wa chokoleti. Fakitale ya confectionary imagwiritsa ntchito ufa ndi mafuta, kumasula mitundu yonse ya chokoleti chochita. Mafuta, kuwonjezeranso, amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta onunkhira ndi zodzoladzola komanso opanga mankhwala.

Ubwino wa Kocoa

Koko si mankhwala okhaokha, ali ndi mankhwala. Zomwe zimapangidwa zimachokera ku mapuloteni, mapiritsi, chingamu, alkaloids, theobromine, mafuta, wowuma komanso mtundu. Chifukwa cha theobromine, yomwe imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino, kakale yapeza ntchito mu mankhwala. Amathetsa bwino matenda a mmero ndi mapapo.

Zokoma komanso zakonzedwe ka mankhwala kucocoa kubwezeretsa mphamvu ndi kulimbikitsa. Amaonetsetsa ntchito ya mtima. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popewera matenda a myocardial infroction, stroke ndi khansa. Mafuta a Cacao amachiritsidwa ndi zimbudzi.