Mtsinje wa Lena River. Malangizo, mtunda, kutalika, ziphuphu, malire a mtsinje

Mtsinje wa Lena River uli m'dera lalikulu la kumpoto kwa kum'mawa kwa Siberia (ku Yakutia, komanso m'dera la Irkutsk). Zina mwazinthu zowonongeka zili ku Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Zabaikalsky Krai ndi Republic of Buryatia. Pakati pa mitsinje yonse padziko lapansi, Lena amakhala ndi malo khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu. Nyanja iyi imatengedwa kuti ndi mtsinje wautali kwambiri ku Russia, womwe umayenda pansi pa dzina limodzi.

Zambiri zadzidzidzi

Gwero la Lena River liri pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Baikal, 145 km kuchokera kumudzi wa Kachug ku Irkutsk Region (Baikal Range). Komanso, ikupitirira m'zigawo za Zhigalovsky, Kachugsky, Ust-Kutsky ndi Kirensky, zomwe zili m'dera lomwelo.

Yakutia, Lena akuthamanga ku Lensk, Khangalassky, Olekminsky, Namsk, m'dera lakumidzi la Yakutsk, Zhigansky, Kobiai ndi Bulunsky. Amadutsa m'nyanja ya Laptev mu 160 km kuchokera kumudzi wa Chekurovka (dera la Bulunsky). Ulendo wa Lena River umachokera kum'mwera mpaka kumpoto chakum'maŵa, komanso kuchokera ku Yakutsk kupita kumpoto.

Mbiri yakupeza

Chidziwitso choyamba cha mtsinje waukulu wa kum'mawa chinawonekera kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XVII. Mabwalo angapo a Cossacks anatumizidwa kuti akafufuze dera ili losadziwika. Mu 1628 Vasily Bugor ndi asilikali ake ananyamuka ulendo wawo. Iwo anakwera ku Angara, kenako anapita ku Ilim, anawoloka mtsinjewo ndipo anapita ku Lena River pafupi ndi mtsinje wa Kuta. Patapita zaka zingapo, Petr Beketov anapita ku dera la North-Eastern Siberia. Asilikali ake a m'dera la mtsinje wa Kuta adamanga nyumba zoyamba, chifukwa adayamba kumanga mzinda watsopano - Ust-Kut.

Mu 1733-1743 mtsinje wa Lena River anayamba kuphunzira ndi anthu a Kamchatka. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, dera lino linapitiliza kufufuza za Chekanovsky, Anjou, Toll ndi asayansi ena. Mu 1910-1915 pa ntchito za mapepala a Lena zinachitidwa. Mu 1919-1920, malinga ndi zotsatira za ulendo wa Evgenov ndi Matisen, mndandanda wa nkhokweyo unayambika kuchokera pakamwa pake kupita ku mzinda wa Yakutsk. Dzina lakuti "Lena", mochititsa chidwi, silikugwirizana kwenikweni ndi dzina la mkazi wa Chirasha, koma likufanana ndi Yakut "Elyu-Ene", lomwe limamasulira ngati "mtsinje waukulu".

Mtsinje wa Lena River

Mabukhu akuluakulu:

- Molodo, Kuta, Viluy.

- Tea, Aldan, Vitim, Chuya, Kirenga, Olekma.

Mkulu mwa iwo ndi mtsinje wa Aldan womwe uli ndi beseni m'makilomita 729,000.

Zochepa zochepa:

- kumanja: Sukhusha, Orlinga, Bicha, Zharkov, Chichapta, Iga, Dyanshka, Tayura, Jarjan, Kovtorov, Botovka, Anga, Tutura, Bolshaya rechka, Vinokurennaya, Shapkin, Buotmama, Berezovka, Malaya Balakhnya, Yukte, Larch, Chechui Sarafanikha, Tuolba, Zybunya, Kovtorov, Kuzmin, Yelovetsky, Sobolokh-Mayan, Parshinka, mtsinje wa Zakobeninsky ndi ena;

- kumanzere: Indus, Yamniy, Ilkha, Nizhnyaya, Atalanga, Markha, Lunakha, Zakharovka, Dry, Bochakta, Shulaga, Turuka, Konec, Namibia, Semiga, Bobrovka, Kazimirka, Boty, Fedorovka, Ilikta, Talabak, Kukhta, Fedorovka, Half, Potapovka, Kokara, Kuphedwa, Peleduy, Horuonka, Eekit, Tympylikan, Bear, Piuda, Rassokha, Yamniy, Upper Katyma, Moksheniha, Menevsky, Nizhaya Katyama, Olenek, Chembalovka, Bear, Nemtanka, Ichera, Zaharovka, Stepanikha, Kulenga ndi Ena.

Ukhondo wamagetsi

Kutalika kwa Lena River ndi 4400 km. Kutalika kwakukulu ndi 21 km. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa mkono wamtunda ndi 30 km. Malo osambira ndi 2 490 000 km². Chakudya cha Lena ndi pafupifupi zonsezi zimaperekedwa ndi kusungunuka chisanu ndi madzi amvula. Chifukwa cha polima, gombeli limadyetsa bwino pansi pamadzi, ngakhale kuti zowonongeka zimakhala zosiyana. M'nyengo yamasika, madzi amasefukira pamtsinje, kusefukira madzi ambiri m'chilimwe, ndipo nthawi yophukira ndi yozizira imakhala ndi madzi otsika.

Mpumulo ndi nthaka

Chigawo chapamwamba cha gombe ndi gawo lalikulu la malo ake oyenerera ali m'mapiri a m'chigawo cha Baikal, Aldan upland ndi Transbaikalia. Gawo la mabanki lamanzere lili ku dera laku Central Siberian. Gawo laling'ono kwambiri la mtsinjewu liri pakati ndi kumunsi kwa mtsinjewu (Central Central Yakut). Pambuyo pa mzinda wa Pokrovsk, womwe uli ku Yakutia, tsopano mtsinje wa Lena umachepa kwambiri.

Mtsinje ukhoza kugawidwa m'madera akulu atatu: kuchokera ku gwero, lomwe liri 12 km kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Baikal kumtunda wa mamita 1,470, kupita ku mtsinje wa Vitim (chapamwamba), kuchokera kumapeto mpaka kumtunda wa Aldan (pakati) ndi kuyambira apa mpaka pakamwa (Pansi).

Mbali yam'mphepete mwa mtsinjewu amawerengera pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu. Chigawo chonse cha chigwacho chikusiyana ndi 1-3 km mpaka 10 km, m'madera ena ngalandeyi imachepetsa mamita 200. Mphepete mwa dziwe ndi miyala komanso yamphamvu. Mtsinje wa Lena mumtunda umenewu umakhala mamita 300.

Pakakhala pakati, kumakhala kochuluka. Miyeso yake makamaka ikuwonjezeka pambuyo pa mgwirizano wa Mtsinje wa Olekma. Pano mawindo a kanjira amapita 2 km. Pansi pa chigwa cha Olekma, chigwa cha Lena chimakhala chopapatiza ndi mapiri a miyala ya limestone kwambiri, omwe ali miyala.

Pansi pa chigwa cha Aldan, malire a mtsinje wa Lena River akudutsa kupitirira Lowerland Central. M'dera lino, chigwa chake chimafika makilomita 20 mpaka 25, ndipo m'lifupi la mkono wake - 7-15 km. Bedi lazinyalala ndi ramified kwambiri. Zigwa sizing'onozing'ono: malo otsetsereka a Lena River ku bwalo lakumanzere ndi otsikirapo kwambiri kuposa momwe alili. M'madera awa, kuya kwafika kufika mamita 16-20. M'mphepete mwake mwa beseni gombeli ndi lopapatiza: kuchokera kumadzulo, pali mapiri a mapiri a Central Siberian, ndipo kuchokera kum'maŵa mabala a Verkhoyansk Range akuwonekera kwambiri. Komanso, kudera lomwe mtsinjewu umayenda pakati pa mapiri a Chekanovskii ndi mapiri a Kharaulakh, kutalika kwa kanjira kumadutsa 2 km.

Kumalo kumene gombeli limayenderera ku Nyanja ya Laptev, dera lamapiri lopangidwa ndi manja ambiri linakhazikitsidwa (mukhoza kuona izi ngati mumayang'ana bedi la Lena pamapu), lomwe limadutsa mtsinje wa Nile (30,000 km2). Pano pali malo ofunikira: zachilengedwe za Sokol ndi Ust-Lenskoye, komanso malo a Lena-Ustye. M'malo amenewa muli mitundu yokwana 109 ya mbalame, mitundu 32 ya nsomba, zinyama 33 ndi zomera 402.

Mbali za mtsinjewu

Lena ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi mitsinje ina chifukwa cha mphamvu ya ayezi. Mbalame yamphamvu yolimba ya ayezi imapangidwira pakhomo panthawi yovuta, yayitali komanso yaying'ono yozizira. Popanda, mtsinjewo umatha pafupifupi miyezi 5-6 kum'mwera ndi miyezi 4-5 kumpoto. Pachilumbachi, ayeziyi amaikidwa pafupi masiku 10 patapita masiku oposa makumi asanu ndi awiri. Mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Lena umatha kumapeto kwa mwezi wa Oktoba, ndipo pansi kumapeto chakumapeto kwa September. Amadzimitsa bwinobwino dziwe pakati pa May pamtunda wapamwamba komanso kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe - m'munsi mwafika. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa madzi kumatha kufika +19 C kumtundu wapamwamba komanso pafupi +14 C m'munsimu.

Kumapeto kwa April, kusefukira kwa madzi kumakhala pafupi ndi mzinda wa Kirensk (kumtunda kwa Lena) ndipo pang'onopang'ono amasamukira kumpoto, kumene kumapezeka malo osungira madzi oundana. M'mphepete mwa mtsinjewu, chodabwitsachi chimapezeka pakatikati pa mwezi wa June. Apa madzi akhoza kuwuka mamita 18. Chaka chilichonse mu Lena Sea la Laptev amatenga pafupifupi matani 41,000 a zinthu zosungunuka.

Gombeli amadziwikanso ndi kuwonjezeka kwanthawi yamakono pamtunda, zomwe sizichitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'sungiramo, koma chifukwa chakuti kumakhala kusungunuka kwakukulu kwa permafrost ndi ayezi m'munsi mwa Lena. Chodabwitsa ichi chikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti posachedwapa kutentha kumpoto kwa Yakutia kuli kwakukulu kuposa nthawi zonse.

Anthu okhala

Malo akuluakulu pamtsinje ndi Kachug, Ust-Ilga, Vitim, Verkholensk, Sangar, Yakutsk, Bestyah, Maimaga, Chuya, Chekurovka, Omoloy, Bahanay, Khorintsi, Sinsk ndi ena.

Maiko akuluakulu ndi Lensk, Sangar, Pokrovsk, Tiksi, Osetrovo, Kirensk, Olekminsk ndi Yakutsk.

Mzinda wofunika kwambiri m'derali ndi Yakutsk. Iyo inakhazikitsidwa mu 1632 ndi gulu la Cossacks Peter Beketov kumbali yoyenera ya gombe. Kenako mzindawu unasamutsidwa ku banki lamanzere la Lena. Tsopano chiŵerengero chake chiri pafupifupi anthu zikwi 240. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa malo akuluakulu a kumpoto kwa kum'mawa kwa Siberia.

Kawirikawiri, mabanki a mtsinje alibe anthu ambiri. Kuchokera m'mudzi umodzi kupita ku wina, nthawi zina mtunda ukhoza kufika makilomita mazana. Midzi yambiri ili pafupi ndi Yakutsk. Midzi yambiri ili m'mayiko osiyidwa.

Zamasamba

Mbali yaikulu ya gawoli ili ndi timiga yosatha ndi nkhalango zam'madzi. M'derali mukukula mkungudza, spruce, larch, fir ndi pine. Komabe, kumadera ena a mabanki a Lena pali malo omwe ali ndi zomera (monga mbozi, fescue).

Ichthyofauna

Mtsinje wa Lena River uli ndi nsomba zotere : whitefish, pike, ide, lenok, nsomba, tungun, chir, dace, burbot, taimen, gray, omul, ruff, pike, carp, roach ndi bream.

Nyama

Pakati pa zinyama pano muli mermine, mink, mbulu, chimbalangondo, nyamakazi, marten. Ubweya wofewa komanso wofewa umathandiza nyama kuti zipirire nyengo yovuta kwambiri mosavuta. Mbalame za m'derali - mutu wa imvi ndi kuvina kwa phokoso la tampra, tundra swan ndi pinki zikopa - amakhalanso ofunda kwambiri.

Makhalidwe a madzi

Mumtsinje muli zovuta zoposa 50-60 g / m³. Mlingo wa mineralization wa malowa ndi kuchokera ku fresh to saline. Kawirikawiri, Lena amadziwika ndi zowonjezera ndi zazing'ono. Ambiri amawonedwa panthawi ya kusefukira kwa madzi ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Ngati tikamba za mankhwalawa, madzi amatha kukhala ndi hydro-carbonate-calcium.

Kutumiza

Lena akuganiziridwa moyenera msewu waukulu wa Yakutia, komanso dera la Irkutsk. Mtsinjewu umatha kuyenda pamtunda ndi kachuga. Kuchokera kumudzi wa Ust-kut ku Lena kungangopititsa ngalawa ndi zolemba zochepa. M'madera ang'onoang'ono, miyeso imatengedwa chaka chilichonse kuti ikule pansi pa gombe. Nthawi yoyendamo imatha masiku pafupifupi 125 mpaka 170. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ili podyerapo kuti mbali yaikulu ya "yobweretsa kumpoto" ikupangidwa.

Ulendo

Maboti oyendetsa sitimayo ndi mabwato ang'onoang'ono amayenda pamtsinje. Lena ndi malo okonda nsomba kwa alendo ndi alendo.

Mtsinje wa Lena River umatchuka kwambiri ndi miyala yotchedwa Shishkinsky. Zolembedwa miyala za anthu akale zasungidwa bwino pano. Iwo ali pamtunda wapamwamba wa gombe. Ndiyenela kudziŵa kuti iyi ndi malo okha omwe chilengedwe cha munthu wokalamba chimaonekera momveka bwino

Anthu ambiri odzacheza alendo a Lena Pillars (chigawo cha Yakutia, Khangalassky) - ndi mtundu wa mapangidwe a geological - ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, omwe ali pamtsinje wolondola wa mtsinje. Chimodzi mwa maulendowa amatchedwa "Njira ya Mdyerekezi", ndipo thanthwe limatchedwa "The Drunken Bull". Zochitika za anthu akale zidapezedwanso m'dera la Lena Pillars. Izi zimatsimikizira chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha munthu. Ndipo ngakhale asayansi amasiyana kwambiri ndi zaka za malo a Neolithic, ndizodziwika kuti oimira a mtundu wa Homo anakhala pano zaka 300,000 zapitazo.

Ku Siberia, zozizwa zambiri, koma chipululu pakati pa taiga - chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri. Pa bwalo lamanja la mtsinje muli gawo laling'ono (pafupifupi 1 km) la mchenga wa mchenga, zomwe zimapanga chinyengo cha malo owuma ndi otentha. Pewani chinyengo chimenechi pokhapokha mitengo yapaini yapafupi. Pali zifukwa zambiri za zochitika izi, ngakhale kuti palibe chimodzi mwazinthu chomwe chatengedwa kale.

Zomwe zingapangitse mphamvu ndi mphamvu

Malo okwana 12 apangidwa pa Lena, malo awiri akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi otentha omwe ali pa Vilyu ndi Mamakan. Mtsinje wa mtsinje umatchuka chifukwa cha mchere. Nazi malo a golide a Aldan ndi Bodaibo. Golidi imayikidwa mu beseni ya Lena inapezeka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Posakhalitsa, ulemerero wa chuma chodabwitsa cha dera lino unadutsa mu Russia. M'deralo, kuthamanga kwenikweni kwa golide kunayamba, monga ku Alaska. Mphepete mwa nyanjayi inayamba kukhala ndi mafani ambiri a ndalama zosavuta. Ena mwa iwo anali oimira anthu osiyanasiyana: ochita malonda, ojambula, ophwanya malamulo, asilikali. Ambiri mwa iwo omwe anali kufunafuna chuma anafa ndi njala ndi matenda, koma ofunafuna golide adakalipobe.

Pa mtsinje wa Vilyui palinso dipatimenti ya diamondi, yomwe inapezeka mu 1955. Poyambirira ankakhulupirira kuti miyala iyi ingapezeke m'mayiko otentha okha. Tsopano likulu la Russia ndi mzinda waukulu wa Mirny. Kuonjezerapo, pali zinthu zakale monga malasha, gasi lachilengedwe, mica, mchere wamchere, iron ore ndi ena.

Izi zowopsya ndi zosasamala poyang'ana poyamba, m'mphepete mwa zokongola ndi zokongola. Zomwe zinachitika, ngakhale kuti sizingatheke, madzi ndi nyanja ya Lena ali ndi chuma chambiri. N'zotheka kuti m'madera amenewa padzakhala chuma chambiri, chifukwa mtsinje wa mtsinje sunaphunzitsidwe bwino.