Chizindikiro cha mafupa a anthu ndi ziwalo zawo

Thupi ndilo chinthu chovuta kwambiri pambuyo pa dzino zowononga dzino, zomwe ziripo mu thupi laumunthu ndipo zimakhala ndi mtundu wapadera wa minofu yolumikizana. Zizindikiro zake zimaphatikizapo kukhalapo kolimba, kopangidwa ndi mchere wamchere, fibrous intercellular mankhwala ndi nyenyezi maselo, okhala ndi njira zambiri. Malemba ndi mapangidwe a mafupa zimatithandiza kumvetsetsa kuti ntchito ya minofu ndi yotani m'thupi.

Chiwerengero cha mafupa

Pfupa lililonse liri bungwe lodziimira lokhala ndi magawo awiri. Mbali yakunja ndi nthawi, ndipo mbali yamkati imapangidwa ndi minofu yapadera. Zingwe zawo ndi malo a chiwalo chofunika kwambiri cha munthu.

Chiwerengero cha mafupa mu mawonekedwe chimapereka kupezeka kwa magulu otsatirawa:

• Kutalika kapena tubula;
• Mfupi, omwe amatchedwa spongy;
• Wopalasa kapena lonse;
• Zosakanikirana, nthawizina zimatchedwa zachilendo;
• Ndege.

Pa fupa lakutali (tubular), mbali yamkati imakhala yochepa, yozungulira kapena tchalitchi chachikulu. Gawo ili limatchedwa diaphysis. Ndipo zowonjezereka kumapeto ndi epiphyses. Kukhalapo pa epiphysis iliyonse yapamwamba, yomwe ili ndi mapepala a articular, imatsimikizira mphamvu ya mgwirizano.

Mwa mafupawa ndi mafupa a miyendo, momwe iwo amaitanira kuti azigwira ntchito za levers. Kuwonjezeranso kwa mafupa a mtundu uwu kumapereka kuti iwo azilekanitsa kukhala aatali ndi aang'ono. Yoyamba imaphatikizapo mapewa, chiuno, chingwe cham'munsi ndi mwendo wapansi. Kwa yachiwiri - metacarpal, metatarsal, zala zala.

Mwachidule (mafupa), mawonekedwewa amafanana ndi cube kapena polyhedron. Iwo ali m'madera amenewo a mafupa, kumene kuli mphamvu ndi kuyenda mu magulu oyenera. Ndizo za mikanda, tarsus.

Kuchita nawo kupanga mapangidwe a thupi ndi kuteteza chitetezo ndizomwe zili ndi mafupa ophwasa ( ophwanyika ), kuphatikizapo sternum, nthiti, pelvis ndi chipinda chowongolera. Minofu imamangiriridwa kumalo awo, ndipo mkati mwawo, monga momwe amachitira, ndi mafupa.

Mafupa ochepa mumsana wa anthu amalola kugwiritsa ntchito burashi kuti agwiritse ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo m'mapala, mapazi amachulukitsa pamene munthuyo ayima.

Chiwerengero cha mafupa chimapereka kuti kukhalapo ndi kuphatikiza kwa mafupa kuphatikiza mitundu. Iwo ali osiyana mu mawonekedwe ndi ntchito (arc ndi spines of body vertebral).

Pakati pa thupi mumakhala chingwe chokhala ndi mucous membrane ndidzazidwa ndi mpweya. Mbali ya mafupa a chigaza amatanthauza mitundu iyi. Mwachitsanzo, kutsogolo, kumtunda, kumtambo, kumang'onong'ono.

Chizindikiro cha kugwirizana kwa mafupa

Mitundu yonse ya mafupa imapanga mbali yosavuta ya minofu, yogwiritsira ntchito monga dongosolo, muzinthu zambiri, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mgwirizano, kupereka maulendo osiyanasiyana.

Mphuno ya mafupa imapitirira ndipo imasiya. Komanso tisiyanitsani mtundu wa pakati, womwe umatchedwa symphysis.

Zovuta Zambiri

Malemba a mafupa a anthu ndi ofunika mu mankhwala kuti ateteze kuwonongeka kwa minofu. Pamodzi ndi izi, mtundu wa ziphuphu zimagwirizananso ndizofunikira. Mbali imeneyi imathandiza kuthetsa pepala la fibrous, bone ndi cartilaginous pakati pa ziwalo zopitirira. Zokongola zili ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso zochepa. Mu gulu ili la mankhwala, syndesmoses, seams ndi kuboola ali okhaokha. Mankhwalawa amaphatikizapo mabokosi ndi makina osakanikirana.

Mitundu yothandizira

Zimangidwe mu zomangamanga ndi mabokosi akuluakulu kapena mbale zomwe zimapangidwa ndi minofu yowonjezereka yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mawonekedwe a collagen fibers. Mtolo, monga lamulo, umaphatikiza kugwirizana kwa mafupa awiri ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano, kuchepetsa kuyenda kwawo. Amatha kukhala ndi katundu wolemetsa.

Mothandizidwa ndi makoswe osakanikirana, mafupa a mafupa amatha kugwirizanitsa, ndipo ndi malo omwe amamangiriza minofu. Zilumikizidwe zamkati zimapangidwira mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi mitsempha.

Mmodzi mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi ndizokhazikitsidwa ndi chigaza, kugawira molingana ndi kusintha kwa mapepala ophatikizana kukhala oponyera, odula ndi ophwanyika. Mitundu yonse yamagulu imakhala ndi wosanjikiza wa interlayer.

Vkolachivanie ndipadera kwambiri, yomwe imapezeka pamagulu a dzino ndi mafupa a alveoli ya mano. Dothi ndi fupa la fupa silikhudze. Iwo amalekanitsidwa ndi mbale yopyapyala yokhala ndi mawonekedwe othandizira. Amatchedwa periodontium.

Synchondroses ndi synostoses

Malemba a mafupa amachititsa kukhalapo kwa synchondrosis, kumene kumangiriza kumathandizidwa ndi mitsempha yotchedwa cartilaginous. Makhalidwe apamwamba a synchondrosis ndi elasticity, mphamvu.

Pakati pa mafupa, mitsempha yamatenda imalowetsedwa ndi mafupa, imayambitsa synostosis. Kuyenda pa nkhaniyi kumapita ku zero, ndipo zizindikiro za mphamvu zimakula.

Zogwirizana

Mtundu wochuluka kwambiri wa mgwirizano ndi ziwalo. Makhalidwe omwe amatha kusungunuka ndi kupezeka kwa zigawo zapadera: malo opangira, zowonongeka, synovial madzi ndi capsule.

Malo ozungulira amaphimba nyerere ya hyaline, ndipo malowa ndi malo ofanana pakati pa malo opangira mafupa, atazunguliridwa ndi kapule yamtengo wapatali ndipo amakhala ndi synovial madzi ambiri.

Mafupa a mafupa

Kuphwanyidwa ndiko kuphwanya kwathunthu kapena pang'ono mwa kukhulupirika kwa fupa, lomwe linachokera ku vuto linalake kapena kuchotsa minofu yomwe inayambitsa matendawa.

Dzina lonse la fracture lingagwiritsidwe ntchito podziwa ziwerengero za zizindikiro, zomwe makamaka zimakhala zowonongeka, zomwe zimathyoka fupa. Kuwonjezera apo, dzina la fracture likuphatikizapo mtundu wa zomwe zimayambitsa zochitika zake (zoopsa kapena zovuta).

Chizindikiro cha mafupa a mafupa chimaphatikizapo kupatukana kumakhala kobadwa komanso kumapezeka. Kupezeka kwa mavenda oyambirira kumayambitsidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa intrauterine kukula ndipo sikokwanira. Zina mwazozimenezi ndizo zomwe zigaza, nthiti, collarbones, mapewa ndi mapiko amavuta. Mavuvu omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa chibadwidwe, kuti intrauterine ikule bwino, alibe chikhalidwe.

Zopweteka zomwe zimagwidwa zingakhale zowawa komanso zovuta. Zakale ndizo zotsatira za kayendedwe kake ndipo zimapezeka pamalo amodzi omwe amapezeka (mwachindunji) kapena kunja kwa malo awa (osalunjika). Gulu lina la zophulika limaphatikizapo zomwe zimapangidwa chifukwa cha minofu ya mafupa ndi chotupa kapena zina zotupa kapena zowonongeka.

Mitsempha yotseguka ndi yotseka

Kutseguka kwa fractures kumawonongeka khungu ndi mitsempha m'madera okhumudwitsa, zomwe zinayambitsa kuphwanya umphumphu wawo. Ngati pali zilonda ndi ziphuphu zowonongeka, izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka HIV komanso kuti chitukuko cha post-traumatic osteomyelitis chichitike.

Kutsekeka kwatsekedwa, kukhulupirika kwa khungu sikusokonezeka.

Chizindikiro cha mafupa, mapepala awo ndi ziphuphu zimatithandiza kudziwa bwino lomwe mbali yomwe mafupa amagwira ntchito pakagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa thupi lonse ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu.