Ndi kudalirana chiphunzitso ndi Agiriki zitsanzo zomwe

Aliyense amakumbukira kuyambira Maphunziro zamoyo, zimenezi kudalirana. Kapena atamva mawuwo. Komabe, sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti ambiri chitsanzo cha kudalirana ndi anthu angapo - mabakiteriya lactic acid. Ndipotu kudalirana - ndi mtundu uliwonse wa ubale zinthu ziwirizi moyo ndi genotypes osiyana ndi proiskhozhdzhenie imene Co-kulibe pamene dongosolo limodzi. Koma sizikusokonezani ndi kudalirana kwa parasitism, monga zambiri zimachitika.

Mu chikhalidwe, pali mitundu zotsatirazi ya kudalirana: zatchulidwazi parasitism (mtundu wa ubale ndi wofunika kwa bwenzi limodzi, ndi zopweteka kwa wina), kudalirana (paubwenzi ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa) commensalism (paubwenzi ndi opindulitsa pa wina ndi akamaona anthu ena), ndi amensalizm (maubwenzi amene angawononge mbali imodzi ndi osayanjanitsika kwachiwiri). Komanso, mu sayansi yamakono zambiri kusiyana symbiogenesis kapena endosymbiosis chomwe chimayimira okhudza maselo ambiri kudalirana, chimodzi mwa wina maselo zamoyo. Zamoyo ali pa ubwenzi symbiotic, wotchedwa symbionts.

Pofuna kumvetsa zimene kudalirana, ndi woyamba n'kofunika kupenda oyambirira kake, ndicho symbiogenesis. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti ma organelle mitochondria ndi plastids poyamba osiyana wakale tizilombo: ndi mitochondria anali prokaryotic tizilombo plastids - mabakiteriya autotrophic kuti akhazikika mkati losavuta maselo eukaryotic. Poyamba anali kudalirana achilendo a mtundu kudalirana mwachitsanzo ubale ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa. Ndiye, zamoyo izi ophatikizidwa kuti zitsulo unitary dongosolo, kuti m'kupita munakhala chibadwa.

Ndi zomwezo tikukonza zina zonse ubale symbiotic. Chophweka njira kulingalira kuti kudalirana kumeneku, Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za lichens. Mtundu ubale tiyenera kuliona kudalirana monga bowa ndi amalandira kwa zakudya cyanobacteria apanga ndi iwowa, ndi Nayenso amalenga mabakiteriya yabwino mmene chilengedwe, kuteteza ku kuyanika, cheza ultraviolet ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, komanso zimathandiza kuti kuli ndi gawo lapansi kukhala ndi acidic pH anachita.

Parasitism - monga mtundu wa kudalirana. Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za izo amaonedwa kukhala zonse eukaryotic matenda wothandizila, kuphatikizapo bowa. Mwanjira imeneyi tiziromboti amakhala ku thupi phwandolo, adya zinthu zake. Kusiyanitsa ziyenera (DC) ndi optional (nthawi) parasitism. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo mavairasi, wachiwiri - nsabwe, mphutsi ndi ena.

Chitsanzo cha kudalirana ndi awiri tatchulawa microflora munthu matumbo.

Monga mbali ya commensalism kusiyanitsa subtypes ambiri: zoochory (kufalitsa mbali ya zomera kuti atumikire kwa kubereka, ntchito nyama) - ndi mbalame kudya mbewu kapena kunyamula iwo pa miyendo yawo), sinoykiya (kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chamoyo okhala wina popanda kuwononga woyamba, mwachitsanzo, nsomba, zimaswana mu zipolopolo za molluscs). Osati kusokonezedwa ndi Inquiline - pogwiritsa ntchito khamu kunyumba ndi chiwonongeko cha yamasika, mwachitsanzo, tizilombo mphutsi otklydyvayuschie mu zipolopolo mollusk kapena Gauls, pamene kuwononga makamu.

Chitsanzo ambiri ali paubwenzi amensalizma nkhuni ndi Moss, wophuka pansi. Moss akukumana zoyipa ya kudalirana ngati (kusowa kuwala, zakudya, madzi, etc.), Ndipo chisamaliro mtengo.

Motero, mothandizidwa ndi zitsanzo osavuta ndi chidwi isonyeza zimene kudalirana, osati kusokonezedwa ndi commensalism kudalirana ndi parasitism.