Ndi mtundu ndi mafuko chiyani?

Kodi mtundu? Yankho la funso limeneli analandira si yofanana. Mawu "ethnos" ndi lochokera Greek, koma ziribe kanthu kochita ndi phindu masiku ano. Anthu - kotero anasinthidwa, ndipo pali mfundo zingapo mawu Greek. Ndicho, mawu akuti "mtundu" anali la onyoza - "ng'ombe", "dzombe", "nkhosa" milandu ndipo ambiri anali ntchito nyama.

Kodi fuko lero? Mtundu - gulu la anthu, limene linakhazikitsidwa kale, ndipo adalunzanitsidwa ndi makhalidwe ofanana chikhalidwe ndi chinenero. Mu Russian, mawu akuti "mtundu" ali pafupi tanthauzo kwa malingaliro a "mtundu" kapena "mafuko". Ndipo kuti zomveka kwambiri, ayenera yodziwika onse mfundo izi.

Anthu - imeneyi gulu la anthu, amene amakhala ndi ofanana mbali. Zikuphatikizapo dera chinenero, chipembedzo, chikhalidwe, mbiri zakale. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu ndi chinenero, koma ichi sichikondi chokha. Pali anthu ambiri amene amalankhula chinenero chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, Austrians, Ajeremani, ndi gawo la Swiss ntchito German. Kapena Irish, ndi Chi ndi Wales, amene tinganene kuti kupita Chingerezi, koma samadziona British. Palembali mawu akuti "anthu" N'kutheka kuti m'malo akuti "mafuko pagulu".

Fuko - imeneyi ndi gulu la anthu, koma amene akumverera zimakhalira pachibale ndi mzake. Mu fuko sangakhale gawo yaying'ono okhala, ndi zakuti ena m'dera sangakhoze analandira ndi magulu ena. Malinga ndi tanthauzo lina, fuko lili ndi zinthu wamba amene zosiyana: chiyambi, chinenero, miyambo ndi chipembedzo. tanthauzo lina limanena kuti alibe chikhulupiriro chokwanira mwa kugwirizana wamba, ndipo inu ankaona fuko limodzi. The tanthauzo yamasika zambiri yosayenera kwa mgwirizano ndale.

Koma ku funso waukulu - "zimene ndi mtundu." mapangidwe ake, anayamba zaka 100 zikwi zapitazo, ndi pamaso kuti panali zinthu monga banja, ndiye Fuko ndi onse atamaliza Fuko. Kiyi mbali ya mtundu akatswiri anamasulira mosiyana. Ena angaitchule yekha chinenerocho, ena kuwonjezera malo ambiri, ndipo ena adatiyika, ndi wonse maganizo chofunikira.

Aliyense fuko ali stereotype yake khalidwe ndipo, ndithudi, dongosolo lapadera. Mumtima mitundu gulu - ndi m'chigulugulu yeniyeni ubale pakati pa munthu ndi gulu ndi pakati pa anthu. ulamuliro wotero tacitly analandira m'mbali zonse za moyo ndi kuoneka ngati munthu njira yokhayo kogona lapansi. Ndipo anthu a gulu mitundu mawonekedwe ndi sikolemetsa, monga iwo anazolowera izo. Tikawonetsetsa, pamene nthumwi za gulu limodzi mitundu ndi pokhudzana ndi makhalidwe a wina, angakhumudwe asokonezeka ndipo anadabwa kwambiri eccentricities anthu achilendo.

Dziko lathu kuyambira nthawi yakale amaphatikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ena mafuko Russian anali mmenemo kuyambira pachiyambi, pamene ena agwirizana pang'onopang'ono, pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana mbiri. Koma iwo onse ali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi ntchito ku boma ndipo ali m'gulu la Russia. Ali ndi dongosolo wamba maphunziro, ambiri mfundo zamalamulo ndi zachiweruzo ndipo, ndithudi, wamba Russian chinenero.

ku Russia onse akuyenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa fuko la dziko, kuti ndizolowere chikhalidwe ya aliyense wa iwo. Zosachepera kumvetsa zinthu zimene mtundu wawo. Popanda ichi sikutheka kuli ogwirizana mu boma limodzi. Mwatsoka, pa zaka 100 zapitazi monga fuko mbisoweka 9 mafuko ndi pafupi kutha akadali 7. Mwachitsanzo, Evenk (mbadwa za dera Amur) ali ndi chizolowezi khola kutha. Kale za 1,300 anthu. Monga mukuonera, chiwerengero zikuyendera, ndi mafuko ikutha ndi ndondomeko sizingasinthe akupitiriza.