Nihilist - ndi cynic kapena munthu motere?

Nihilism monga filosofe posits mfundo zotsatirazi: palibe makhalidwe abwino, wotchedwa weniweni; kanthu momveka bwino kuti kuli Mlengi wamkulu wa zinthu zonse; kuli alibe choonadi, palibe chabwino ndi choipa zochita, mwachikulu phindu ali yemweyo. Mukhoza ndikuganiza, ndi nihilist - munthu amathedwa mu dziko. Nihilism ndiyo wachipongwe lingaliro kumbuyo chigoba cha olamulirawo kuwawa kwa kukhumudwa chifukwa cha zinthu zonse ndipo pozindikira kulephera kwa kukhalapo.

Western European nihilism

Ambiri ntchito kuti mawu anapereka nihilists kwa zaka za m'ma 19, chifukwa nthawi imeneyi nihilistic kayendedwe amamuonera ndi kuchuluka wapadera, onse mu Russia ndi mu West. Mawu akuti "nihilism" anali koyamba F.G.Yakobi, German nzeru za anthu. Chidwi kwambiri mu mbiri ya nzeru nihilist - zoona, Fridrih Nitsshe, kukhulupirira kuti mtendere weniweni (monga chiyenera kukhala molingana prohristianskih anzeru) kulibe, kuti palibe kanthu kuposa nkhambakamwa ndi, zopeka. lingaliro Spengler wa kuchepa chikhalidwe European, kuwonongedwa kwa mitundu wakale wa chikumbu mtima. Wina nihilist odziwika bwino - ndi S. Kierkegaard, kukhulupirira kuti chipembedzo chachikhristu akukumana ndi mavuto kuti chifukwa cha kufala kwa maganizo nihilistic.

Nihilism mu Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 19

Popeza theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19 mu Russia anayamba kumanga kayendedwe amene amakana maziko okhazikika m'dera chikhalidwe. Proletariats zaka zao za sikisite analalikira kusakhulupirira kwawo chuma ndi kunyozedwa mfundo achipembedzo. Wotchuka kwambiri akuti "nihilism" chifukwa buku onse lotchuka Turgenev "Abambo ndi Ana" ndipo analongosola nihilist Bazarov. Wamba maganizo kwambiri kukumana ndi maganizo a nihilism, kuti anali kufalikira kwa mawu ambiri.

Psychological mawonedwe

Amene amadziwa pang'ono za maganizo a anthu ndiponso ngati lingaliro monga chodzikanira maganizo, n'zoonekeratu kuti nihilism Umutu ndi mawonekedwe a chitetezo choterocho. Ndipotu, nihilist - munthu amasowa tanthauzo ndi zifukwa kwa umunthu wake mu dziko. Chenicheni ozungulira si kukumana chifaniziro mkati mwa munthu pa mmene kukhala dziko woona, ndi kutsutsana izi zimaonekera mu ndondomeko ya kukana. Choncho, nihilism ndi nihilists ndi kusanthula ku mawonedwe mwakuya kuwerenga maganizo. Munthu pakati pa mumaganiza awiri - chikhumbo cha ufulu ndi kufunika wachokera ku gulu. Mphamvu za chikhumbo cha ufulu, amasiye ambiri amamva munthu ali pa njira yake. Ntchito ya Erich Fromm "kuthawa Ufulu" akufotokoza makhalidwe a limagwirira atetezeke pamene anthu zosayenera amaona ufulu - ndicho, kufuna kuwononga dziko (osachepera mwa kukana) ndi kufuna kuwononga yokha potero kukana tanthauzo linakhalapo. Gululi njira ogwirika mu zamaganizo amanena maonekedwe a nihilist ndi: ndi nditaona smirk, khalidwe zamwano, ndemanga n'zolakwika. Izi enshrined mu zochita otsiriza kumbuyo, amene akhalabe mawu anthu.

Choncho, nihilism - izo svoebrazny mmene anthu zimene zikuchitika mu dziko, ndi kumbuyo anachita pofuna osafunika yavlyaeniya zenizeni.