Chidziwitso mu nzeru - kuti kuphunzira epistemology ndi epistemology

Chidwi zimene tikukhala, kuyesera kuti muganize momwe kumanga chilengedwe, komanso chilakolako kudutsa mu osadziwika dziko la kupitirira, nthawi zonse chizindikiro cha maganizo a anthu. Pamene anthu kumverera chinachake, kapena ngati kusunga zimene zimachitika kwa ena, iwo kuyamwa ndi kukonza, kufuna osati kuti mumvetse zimene zinthu, komanso ngati n'zotheka kudziwa choonadi. Chidziwitso mu nzeru ndi imodzi mwa mafunso ochititsa chidwi kwambiri, chifukwa nzeru za kuyesera cholakwa ndi kufotokoza njira zosiyanasiyana zikuchitika mu ubongo wa munthu, ndi umalimbana kupeza chidziwitso.

The ndondomeko ya kuphunzira zovuta amangozindikira kudzikundikira chidziwitso - ndi kulenga, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe; izo sikumangotanthauza ndiyanzeru, mwachilengedwe komanso kwenikweni zimagwirira maganizo. N'chifukwa chake chidziwitso cha nzeru ndi vuto linalake, amene ndawala yapadera ongolankhula gawo, wotchedwa epistemology kapena epistemology. Chiyambi cha epistemology monga nthambi wapadera wa nzeru kuika Scot Ferrier m'zaka za m'ma XIX. chilangochi nthanthi ndi kuphunzira mmene njira ndi mfundo za kupeza nzeru ndi njira imene chidziwitso, kodi ubale wake ku dziko lenileni, ngati iye ali malire aliyense, ndipo kodi pali kugwirizana pakati pa zimene aphunzira, ndi amene akudziwa. Pali zosiyanasiyana mfundo za chidziwitso, kutsutsa mzake ndi kupereka mfundo zambiri za kudziwa zoona ndiponso odalirika, kodi malingaliro ake ndi chifukwa chake tonse akhoza kuphunzira za dziko ndi iwo eni.

Mwachidule, nzeru ena m'dera lino kutengela kumvetsa chifukwa pali nzeru; tingadziwe kuti ndi chidziwitso chakuti ndithu ndi choonadi, osati chiweruzo zachiphamaso (kapena maganizo), kapena kusocheretsa; mmene kudziwa zimenezi zingachitike ndipo kodi njira kwambiri cognition. Nzeru za anthu, mu mbiri yake, ndi pachimake kwambiri ndi funso la chimene n'zomveka kuti munthu ndi kupeza chidziwitso cha anthu, kumabweretsa chimwemwe kapena chisoni. Mulimonse mmene mwina, mu moyo wa masiku ano anthu ambiri kupeza nzeru zonse zatsopano anapeza yofunika kwambiri kuti panopa siteji ya chitukuko cha anthu a mChipangano zambiri, koposa kuti anali ogwirizana zambiri danga la umunthu.

nzeru Cognition zikuwoneka ngati ndondomeko ndi chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe wapatali. History limatiuza kuti anthu anali wokonzeka osati kudziwa latsopano, komanso kuteteza iwo, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo anali, ndipo komabe muyenera kupereka miyoyo yawo, ufulu, kulekana ndi okondedwa. Popeza ndondomeko imeneyi, ndi yofanana ndi zina zochitika, anaphunzira mbalume chimodzimodzi monga iwo amakhala ndi chikakamizo zosowa (chilakolako kumvetsa, kufotokoza), zolinga (zothandiza kapena mwangwiro aluntha), zolinga (kuphunzira, kumvetsa choonadi), njira (monga kuonerera, kusanthula kuyesera, logic, yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, ndi zina zotero) ndi zotsatira.

Vuto lina lalikulu, lomwe ndi chidwi nthanthi ganizo, ndi mmene kudziwa akufotokozera. Philosophy poyamba anatsimikiza kuti poyamba mtundu wa kudziwa anali zilizonse, kudziwa wamba, kenako, mu njira ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, kukhala, kuti pakhale kuoneka mfundo ongolankhula a sayansi ndi kuganiza. Mu maganizo amenewa amasiyanitsa mfundo ndi njira nzeru yoyenera ndi akatswiri kuphunzira nzeru yeniyeni sayansi (nzeru za sayansi).

Afilosofi ankaganiza kuti udindo mu kuphunzira masewero palokha phunziro sakuyembekezera. Chidziwitso mu nzeru - izo si kuphunzira zinthu ndi njira yozungulira munthu kapena malo palokha tokha, komanso moyo wake wauzimu. Kudziŵa, anthu osati kuzindikira kuti kuphunzira chinachake kunja, koma kodi kuphunzira chikoka pa iye. Komanso, makamaka m'munda wa nzeru za anthu, chikhalidwe cha phunziro sakuyembekezera, mfundo za zikhulupiriro zingasokoneze zotsatira za cognition. Potaya vuto lamavutoli, ndi nzeru ena a madera osiyana kubwera kwa zosiyana kwathunthu mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu cognition positivists amawanena kuti kupanda Kudziwa ndi owayimilira nthanthi hermeneutic mwake, ankaona subjectivity enieni mbali ya cognition anthu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuyandikira kwa immediacy, motero choonadi.