Ogwira - ndi ofesi ya Boyar Duma

Ogwira - khoti ndi nyumba pamalo pa 13 - oyambirira 18 TH atumwi. Awa ndiwo anali anthu amene ali pafupi ndi kalonga pambuyo boyars lapansi. Poyamba, wolamulira wawo anali atazunguliridwa ndi pang'ono, koma pa nthawi kuchuluka mtengo ndi ndale zawo kulemera, kotero kuti kwa zaka iwo kale awaona ngati alangizi othandizira ndi akalonga ndi mafumu ina.

Makhalidwe a m'badwo

Kalekale Russia padziko akalonga nthawi zonse anapanga ndodo ya atumiki, alangizi othandizira ndi amene amatchedwa munthu generic akuti "bwalo anthu." Ena mwa iwo anali zigawo zingapo pamwamba anali boyars, ogwira ndi olemekezeka duma. Woyamba adadza ku mabanja yodalirika ndipo anali cholowa apamwamba. Iwo akhoza kukhala mchirikizo wodalirika wolamulirayo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa cha anachokera mfulu zambiri anali osakhutira ndi malire a mphamvu zawo ndi mphamvu, motero nthawi zina anaima kutsutsidwa kwa mbuye wake. Pankhani imeneyi okolnichy mbuye anali atithandize kwambiri kwa mfumu: yemweyo pafupifupi thereto, izo koma kusakhala mfulu, zimadalira amadalira wolamulira kuposa olemekezeka generic. Duma olemekezeka komanso anali wodziwika akalonga ndi mafumu, koma iwo anali ngakhale zochepa bwino wobadwa kuposa ogwira.

zikamera

Ogwira - awa ndi anthu amene anachita zosiyanasiyana ntchito pa bwalo. Chiyambi cha mawu akuti ndiye kuti amagwirizana ndi "za" ndipo amatanthauza anthu amene anali mosalekeza pafupi olamulira. Kutchula koyamba za udindo ankanena za zaka za m'ma 13. positi wakafika Moscow ukulu. Prince Semyon Chathu wotchedwanso amatanthauza tithe izi wotchuka pangano ratification wake ndi abale lopangidwa mu 1348. Poyamba, panali ochepa kwambiri (anthu atatu kapena asanu).

ntchito

Zikuoneka kuti nthawi inayake pakutchulidwa wa udindo uwu ankaganiza kuti ogwira - awa ndi anthu amene anali ngati mbuye wa miyambo, ndiye kukonza madyerero, miyambo, ndi akalonga anatumikira ndi mafumu maulendo awo, wokonzedwera kwa magalimoto malo awo (otchedwa m'misasa) Popanda, amene alandira akazembe ena ndi nthumwi.

Kenako Komabe, kuchuluka kwa ntchito zawo kukodzedwa, ndipo anthu amenewa maudindo cha kuchuluka udindo Mwachitsanzo, iwo nthawi zambiri anakhala kazembe wa Regiment, ndi abwanamkubwa a zigawo ndi atsogoleri a malamulo. chiwerengero chawo pa bwalo Kalonga pang'onopang'ono anakula, izo zinali zochuluka kwambiri pansi Ivan III ndi Ivan kwambiri. Koma kukuchititsa zimenezi makamaka kunaonekera pamene woyamba Romanov. Mwina ndiye kuti mwambo anakhala yaitali pafupi ndi olamulira. M'nyumba kapena ogwira anansi - alangizi wolimba wa mfumu, umenenso chikoka ngakhale chinaposa boyars. Anthu otero, panali ochepa, koma amadza amakhala akhoza kuchititsa mfumu.

Boyar Duma

Iyo inali bungwe okhazikika ndi akalonga ndi mafumu. Woyang'anira wake munkakhala zachuma-kayendetsedwe ndi nkhani asilikali. The zikuchokera kwa Boyar Duma anali ogwira pamodzi ndi boyars, olemekezeka ndi clerks dumnyi. udindo wawo bungwe lolamulira linali lofunika kwambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri apatsidwa kutsogolera ulendo maalumali udindo akazembe. Udindo wa bungwe lolamulira ndi chopangitsa zochuluka m'ma 16, pamene Moscow State anali potsiriza anapanga kasamalidwe dongosolo malamulo potengera malamulo. Motero, ndipo inachuluka chiwerengero cha anthu kuti agwilitse positi.

mtengo

mwambowu definitively popeleka ma mu gulu osiyana m'nthawi ya 16. Ndiye olemekezeka m'magulu awiri: loyamba, pafupi kalonga, wachiwiri analandira udindo okolnichy ndi pamalo Kumvetsela mwachibale kwa gulu loyamba. Monga tanenera mbiri yakale yodziwika Kliuchevskoi amene ankaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane zikuchokera Boyar Duma, Okolnichy makamaka inkakhala otchuka mpandadzina. Monga ulamuliro, gulu inkakhala ndi servitor wakale wa Moscow boyars, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa m'zaka 14 Komabe, iwo anakwanitsa kukhala malo ake m'zaka zotsatira, pamene panali kuchuluka kwa latsopano lotchedwa otchuka olamulira akale a pachikhalidwe, amene anali ndi udindo lalikulu pa bolodi wa Moscow State.

chiyembekezo chakuti

Courtier tithe mbuye anathetsa m'zaka za m'ma 18, pamene Petulo I inakhazikitsa wake wotchuka "Table a maudindo." Mfundo zikuluzikulu za madalitso ake anali mkulu zambiri munthu, kutanthauza kuwonjezeka mu positi, ngakhale mlingo wa otchuka kapena gentility. Iwo, kwenikweni, zasintha dziko lonse la ulamuliro mu machitidwe onse ankhondo ndi zachiweruzo, zimene pamapeto, anasintha zinthu zokhudza anthu Russian. Mfundo udindo okolnichy komanso mwina anafuna kuti mfundo za munthu utumiki mu utumiki. Ndipotu anthu amene anali mu ofesi, akhala zochepa bwino kubadwa kuposa, mwachitsanzo, boyars, amene kale akusankhidwa ndi Moscow olamulira kuchokera pakati pa ana a akale mabanja Kalonga wa Rurik ndi Gediminas. Choncho mutu wa okolnichy Zimapezeka ndi maluso kapena makhalidwe. Komabe, komabe mfundo gentility anatenga mbali yaikulu pano, popeza malo awa yekha ankati ndi munthu chiyambi wolemekezeka, pamene kalaliki wa bungwe Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amuna chiyambi odzichepetsa akwaniritsa udindo wake mwa luso lake ndipo amatha kuchita malonda.