Opulumuka Ronaldo. nkhani yeniyeni

Kuyambira pamene munthu woyamba adakwatira kwa mlengalenga, iye ankadziwa kugwa. Chaka chilichonse Chilimwe luso zinavuta kwambiri, abwino ndi otetezeka, koma ndege n'zimene kuchitika chete. Chachikulu kufa mu kugwa kwa zapamadzi zonyamula si chisoni achibale sakutonthozeka mwa anthu, komanso tsoka dziko.

Opulumuka ngozi ndege ku yemweyo anthu nthawi akukhala otchuka, kuti yonenedwa, ndi Malipoti padziko lonse. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti awa ndi ochepa kwambiri.

ziwerengero kuwonongeka

Ngati timatenga ziwerengero za kuwonongeka kwa lonse mbiri nthawi ya chitukuko cha magalimoto galimotolo Ndizachidziwikire kuti iwo n'zochepa kwambiri. Chance kuti zipangizo adzalephera pa ndege, kulitenga kapena ankafika ndi wofanana miliyoni 1/8. Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu adzafunika oposa 20 000 zaka za maulendo tsiku pa ndege mwachisawawa kwa awagwira unlucky kwambiri.

Development wa akatswiri okonza ndege, makampani a inshuwalansi ndi statisticians ndi chidwi ndi funso ngati kupulumuka ndi zotheka pa ngozi ndege? Yankho ndi - inde, monga opulumuka atagwa kuchokera msinkhu akhoza kugawana nzeru.

Ngati timatenga ziwerengero kuzindikiridwa zimayambitsa njira kugwa, kuchuluka kwa ilo likanakhoza kumaoneka ngati izi:

• pamene potsegula ndege zimachitika kwa 5% ya ngozi (makamaka moto);
• zofunika - 17% mwa ngozi;
• kukwera okwana 8% a milandu;
• pamene 6% ya ndege;
• pamene kuchepetsa ndege - 3%;
• njira chifukwa cha 7%;
• ankafika ndege - 51%.

Ziwerengero zonse zalembedwa milandu liners kugwa limasonyeza kuti chiopsezo lalikulu alipo pamene likutuluka ndi kugwa. Mwina n'chifukwa chake m'basimo anawombera m'manja oyendetsa basi pambuyo kudzapereka imeneyi ya ndege.

Opulumuka kuwonongeka amasonyeza zambiri kuti ndi ndege "mwadzidzidzi" chinachake sichili. Ndipotu, statisticians mosamala ndi ogwira ntchito udindo chitetezo cha ndege, ananena kuti zifukwa kuwonongedwa mwadzidzidzi zipangizo kapena magetsi ndi injini - ndi chilema chomwe sichinayambe kuzindikiridwa pa nthaka, ndiye chifukwa kugwa kwa liners kaye taonani uko.

Zimayambitsa ndege Alengeza

N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti ndinene izi, koma chifukwa chachikulu ngozi ndege ndi chinthu anthu. Makina sindikufuna kusokoneza nokha ndipo mulibe incapacitate. Chosowa cholinga mu msonkhano wawo, ndi macheke tsiku zolakwa ndi ntchito dala oyendetsa ndi mpweya - onse kawirikawiri zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kugwa kwa sayansi.

Kodi n'zotheka kuti usafe ngozi ndege pamene akatswiri zoipa achita ntchito zawo? Pankhaniyi, inde, chifukwa lero pali milandu kumene anapulumuka oposa 1 munthu.

Ziwerengero ngozi ndege mawu kuchuluka motere:

• Woyendetsa kusokera chifukwa cha 50% ya milandu;
• zolakwa utumiki pa anthu a pa ndege anafotokozedwa 7% masoka;
• Zotsatira za nyengo kugwa 12%;
• kulephera kwa zipangizo ndi makina onse - 22% (chinachake chimene sichinayambe bwino kuzindikiridwa isanafike ndege);
• uchigawenga ndi zina (sakudziwika amachititsa kugunda kapena mu mlengalenga) - 9%.

Zifukwa izi, kuwonjezera nyengo, china chirichonse - zochita za anthu. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti tsoka akanatha kupewa, ndi milandu ya anthu kupulumuka pa ngozi anali apamwamba kwambiri. Ngati timatenga ziwerengero za wrecks waukulu mu zaka 30 zapitazi, chifukwa iwo ali:

• DC-8 anagwa mu Newfoundland mu 1985 pa likutukuka chifukwa imfa ya liwiro, kupha okwera 250;
• kugwa "747" mu 1985 ku Japan chifukwa cha kukonza osauka, chifukwa - 520 akuvutika;
• IL 76, wotsatira kwa Kazakhstan kuti Saudi Arabia anagwa mu India mu 1996, kuyambira cha m'ma mpweya kuwombana "Boeing", Zotsatira - 349 akufa;
• IL 76 wagwa mu Iran mu 2003 chifukwa cha zimakhudza pansi aone osauka, n'kupha anthu 275;
• 224, palibe opulumuka kuwonongeka "Kogalymavia" mu October 2015, limodzi ndi ziwerengero chisoni chifukwa - ndi zigawenga kuukira zotheka.

Ndi kutali ndi ngozi yaikulu onse kumene kunachitika ku 1985 kuti 2015, koma ngakhale iwo zikuonekeratu kuti iwo chifukwa nthawi zambiri amakhala kunyalanyaza zinthu kapena chikhulupiriro zoipa. List of opulumuka Kuwonongeka kwa anthu akanakhala yaitali ngati udindo akatswiri chitetezo cha ndege bwino anachita ntchito yake, koma m'basimo nkuchita kukhala ndi moyo.

Kodi kuchita pa ngozi ndege

Iwo likukhalira kuti pali malamulo kumathandiza anthu mu ngozi ya zapamadzi ndi kukhala ndi moyo. The malangizo ofunika kwambiri kupereka wolankhula pamaso ndege. Mwatsoka, ambiri mwa anthu okwera musamvere iwo, ndipo ngakhale zambiri sangathe ntchito mchitidwe. Mwa malangizo mophweka ndi mokakamizidwa:

• kuti ananamizira pa zinthu zofunika ndi ndegeyo (ndege Choncho lonse bwino kuti ananamizira);
• kudziwa kumene zamphepo moyo ndi ntchito mpweya chigoba;
• mwadzidzidzi, musatisiye malo anu, ndipo makamaka musayese kulowa chipinda katundu kupulumutsa katundu wawo;
• tcheru ndi kutenga kaimidwe olondola pamaso pa kugunda a ndege ndi nthaka kapena madzi (kukhotetsa mutu wake pa mawondo ake, kuphimba manja ake).

Komanso malamulo yosavuta, pali anapezazo angapo akatswiri mu zochitika mwadzidzidzi kuti anthu amene anapulumuka kuwonongeka, ntchito intuitively ndipo si bwanji.

Ambiri m'basimo akuphedwa pambuyo itawonongedwa ndi moto, monga iwo sangakhoze mu nthawi kutuluka izo. Popewa izi, m'pofunika kudziwa pasadakhale:

• monga malamba unfastened;
• yeniyeni malangizo linanena bungwe (makamaka ngati utsi mu kanyumba);
• Mantha - ndi 100% imfa.

Mwachitsanzo, Dzhordzh Lemson, pamene mu 1985, mnyamata wina wa zaka 17 akale, anapulumuka kokha chifukwa pa nthawi ya kugunda wa ndege umene anali akuwuluka ndi atate wake, mpando wake anaponyedwa ku chipinda anthu. Ngati mnyamata sanali ananamizira mbamuikha mutu wake kuti maondo ake, ndipo atagwa sangathe msanga detach ndi mmbuyo ndi mpata wokwanira, iye anamwalira, komanso otsala anthu 70.

Monga zimakhalira opulumuka ndege kuwonongeka, ngati munthu alibe mantha choti nkuchita, ndiye iye ali mwayi uliwonse kuti apulumuke. Kufufuza zitsanzo za mavuto amenewa ofufuza anazindikira kuti ambiri mwa anthu okwera, osati kutuluka ndege, kuyembekezera munthu kapena malangizo. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti zimenezo, aliyense ali ndi udindo pa chitetezo zawo.

zinthu yayenda

Ngakhale zitaoneka kuti anthu opulumuka okwera ndege kuwonongeka - ndi mwayi chabe, ndipotu si. Malinga ndi asayansi ku England, anaphunzira milandu zoposa 2,000 a chipulumutso mwa ngozi zimenezi, anthu awa zinamuthandiza mwamwayi, koma chidziwitso yeniyeni ndi kanthu kuphatikiza pang'ono mwayi.

Iwo likukhalira kuti pali ndege m'madera yayenda ndi malo otetezeka, umboni ndi ziwerengero apulumuke:

• Mwachitsanzo, anthu amene kukhala woyamba mizere asanu mu mphuno la ndegeyo, mpata kupulumuka ndi 65%;
• ndi ochuluka kuposa amene mumizele izi pa mipando lakunja (67%), koma osati pafupi mawindo (58%);
• ndi mwakwera ndege mchira, pali 53% kupulumuka ngati iwonso kukhala woyamba mizere asanu kuchoka mwadzidzidzi;
• Anthu amene anapulumuka ngozi ndipo anali atakhala pakati pa kanyumba, n'zochepa kwambiri.

Kupatula mabacteria chiopsezo mu kanyumba, nalonso yofunika ndege yokha. Mwachitsanzo, Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti 73% ya ngozi onse ndege zimachitika ndege yaing'ono, masamu kuti mipando 30. Dzitetezeni kugwa kwa lokhala ndi injini kapena ndege ndi 68%, zimene zikutanthauza kuti mwayi wa kupulumuka okwera ndi oyendetsa galimoto ngati n'chimodzimodzi ndi chozizwitsa.

chimodzi chokha mapeto - ayenera ndege lalikulu makampani odalirika. N'zokayikitsa kuti kokha kusankha bwino galimoto ndi kuuika osathandiza mwadzidzidzi, koma mwayi apulumuke okwera ake adzakhala ndi opulumutsa mu kuwonongeka kwa yonyamula lalikulu samakufunsa "pali opulumuka aliyense wa ngozi ndege," koma kuwapulumutsa iwo.

The zinthu zovuta kwambiri

Mbali imodzi yovuta kwambiri ndi oopsa kwa ngozi ndi kugunda kwa ndege pansi madzi. Izi zinachitika, anthu Mphindi 1.5-2 kungoti atalikitse. Iwo anali pa nthawi ino, muyenera kukumana kuti detach, kupeza njira ndi kulumpha kutali zedi.

The vuto lalikulu kwa moyo ndi moto, nudzaza mkati mpweya monoxide, kutsimikizira ochitidwa mu ndege osaitanidwa mkazi. Larisa Savitskaya anapulumuka pambuyo ndege kugunda imene iye anali limodzi ndi mwamuna wake, ndi yoponya mabomba a. Burns pa chiyambi cha moto, iye anatha tcheru ndi kutenga mpando zolondola kaimidwe, amene anapulumutsa moyo wake pamene anali Mphindi 8 anagwa pa izo mwa kutalika kwa 5200 m.

ankafika ake "kufewetsa" nthambi za mitengo, koma ngakhale pambuyo anapulumuka kugwa zimenezi, iye anali kupirira ngati mantha aakulu ochokera anavulazidwa, ndi chakuti Owapulumutsa anali pachangu palibe kufufuza ndege downed, chikhulupiriro choti palibe wina anapulumuka.

"Kodi anthu anapulumuka ngozi uko?" - funso limeneli liyenera kukhala mu malo oyamba amene zikugwira zinthu zofanana. Larissa kwa masiku awiri kuyembekezera thandizo ndi wovulala ndi khomo lachiberekero msana ndi mutu kuvulala. Iye ndi yekhayo amene ali mu Guinness buku kawiri wina ndi nkhani imodzi:

• koyamba monga kupulumuka pambuyo zakugwa kutalika kuposa 5 Km;
• chachiwiri - momwe ndingayendere chipukuta misozi kwambiri zochepa za kuwonongeka chifukwa - rubles 75 okha.

No zochepa kuopseza moyo wa munthu ndi kugunda kwa ndege padziko madzi, ngakhale ambiri okwera wozindikira amakhulupirira kuti akhoza chisoti kugwa. Kusadziwa za malamulo maziko a sayansi ndalama miyoyo ya anthu ambiri.

Kusiya m'nyanja

Pamene ndege nkhawa pa nyanja, osati chinthu chosowa, koma chiwerengero cha imfa pamene okwera kukhala N'zachisoni mkulu, ngakhale pali opulumuka ngozi ndege madzi.

Izi zimachitika pa zifukwa zingapo:

• Choyamba, anthu ambiri mantha chifukwa sangathe kupeza ndi kuvala moyo jekete;
• Kachiwiri, ali molawirira kwambiri kulowa mphamvu, ndi m'chigawo mpweya, kumathandiza osati kusuntha kokha, komanso kusambira kunja kwa kanyumba, ngati anadza madzi;
• Chachitatu, iwo sakudziwa kuti mphamvu ya ndege pa madzi, lofanana ndi zipolowe ndi pamwamba konkire, ndipo sangathe ananamizira kuvomereza kupulumutsidwa malo.

Kupatula pamene woyendetsa amachita ankafika pangozi pa madzi, akuponya nyanja ndi monga oopsa monga pansi, natsimikiza wopulumuka chokhacho itawonongedwa mtsikana.

Bakari anali ndi zaka 12 pamene iye ndi amayi ake ndege kuchokera Paris ku Yemen. Ndi konse kuwulula zifukwa ndege inagwera mu nyanja, 14 Km from gombe la chilumba Big Comoros. Kuyambira zotsatira za madzi izo Wakhadzulidwa, ndi mtsikana n'kugwera m'madzi. Iye anali mwayi kuti padziko zapamadzi anakhalabe, mmodzi amene anali kuyembekezera maola 14, mpaka anatengedwa pafupi kudutsa ngalawa.

Mbiri ya atsikana apita kuzungulira dziko, monga mmodzi wa zitsanzo kumene, mwinamwake, padzakhala opulumuka zambiri, podospey thandizo mu nthawi. Hypothermia ndi nthawi ankavala moyo zamphepo anatenga moyo wa ena apaulendo.

Izi si chitsanzo otsiriza, pamene anapulumuka chokhacho Ronaldo kulimbana kwa moyo wake chifukwa cha kusowa thandizo pansi.

Kugwa m'nkhalango

Ngakhale pali zitsanzo kumene ngozi ndege anasintha nthambi, chiwerengero cha anthu opulumuka pa nthawi yomweyo Apaulendo ndi mamembala adalira sanali yaitali. Komabe n'chofunikira chachikulu ndi mmene munthu amachita pa tsokalo.

Chitsanzo ndi nkhani ya German wasukulu 17 wazaka oyendayenda ndi mayi ake kuchokera Lima ku Pukallpa (Peru) pamaso Khirisimasi 1971. Ndipotu, anali ntchentche laling'ono, limene zinali zomvetsa chisoni popeza kuti ndege inagunda kugwedezekagwedezeka pa chiphaliwali.

Kuyambira mphezi pansi kunja kwa dongosolo mpweya galimoto, moto mu kanyumba. Julian kapu - ochitidwa okha ndege kuwonongeka zonyamula pa ulendowu. Pa okwera 6400 mamita pa ndege anabwera kuchokera mapiko onsewo, ndiyeno apita ku tailspin ngalawa inayamba kugwa popanda chigawo ndi chigawo.

Mkazi adapulumutsidwa mwa choona kuti anali ananamizira ndi opulumutsa kaimidwe anatengera pamene chiwerengero cha mipando pamodzi ndi mpando wake "kunja" wa gululo. Pa kugwa kwa iye pamodzi ndi zidutswa mkati zimayenda mphepo yamphamvu, ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti kuchepa mumbali ndi kugwa mu m'nkhalango ya Amazon nkhalango.

Zotsatira za "ankafika" anali phewa wosweka, zokhumudwitsa ndi mikwingwirima, koma iye anali kuyembekezera mayeso aakulu. Malowa ali pamtunda 500 Km from Lima, mkati mwa nkhalango, posadziwa msewu, mtsikana amene anapulumuka kuwonongeka anakakamizika nkhondo moyo wake m'dera lachilendo.

Pamene ambiri 9 masiku anatsikira mtsinje, mantha kusamuka kwa iye, kotero kuti asataye gwero madzi awo. Kudya zipatso ndi zomera kuti akhoza kuzindikira ndi kulepheretsa, msungwana anabwera kwa oyimitsira asodzi, amene anamutengera kuchipatala.

Ngati Julian anatsala kudikira thandizo pafupi ndege wagwa, osalephera, kuti awonongedwa. Zinthu zimenezi ndi kuulutsa Italy anajambula filimu "Zozizwitsa akadali kuchitika," amene kenako anapulumutsa moyo wa mtsikanayo Soviet Larissa Savitskaya, anadikira masiku awiri Owapulumutsa.

Mamembala kupulumuka kwa oyendetsa

yosowa kwambiri kumva kuti anthu oyendetsa anapulumuka kugwa kwa ndegeyo. Mwina iwo ali otanganidwa kupulumutsiramo kapena okwera ali mu mphindi ino mu kwambiri "ovutika" gawo la ndege, koma ndi zoona.

Koma pali zitsanzo za wolankhula ndi, anapulumuka ngozi ndege, ndi chipulumutso chokha. Vesna Vulovic mu 1972 anali ndi zaka 22 zokha pamene, pa ndege yotsatira ku Copenhagen ku Zagreb Yugoslavia Airlines ndege unasweka mu mlengalenga ndi kuphulika kwa bomba la zigawenga.

Pankhaniyi akhoza zimachitika ndi "chozizwitsa" chifukwa Spring anali ndi moyo pokhala pakati pa kanyumba mu kugwa kwa kutalika kuposa 10 Km. Chip makina, chimene chinali, nagwa mitengo chisanu ndi denga, amene kwambiri mitigated nkhonyayo.

Wachiwiri "chozizwitsa" anali kuti pamene iye anali mu chikhalidwe chikomokere, inapeza mlimi wa m'mudzi ili pafupi ndi khutu ku chipatala. Wolankhula, anapulumuka ngozi ndege kugwa kuchokera msinkhu, pafupifupi mwezi anakhala chikomokere, ndiyeno wina miyezi 16 kumenyera mwayi muziyendayenda ndi moyo wabwinobwino.

Vesna Vulovic anali Guinness mbiri m'mabuku monga munthu amene anapanga adzatumpha popanda parachuti kwa kutalika 10 Km. Palibe nkomwe munthu wolimba, amene anasankha awo wasankha kuposa chifukwa chake.

Kugwa kwa Russian ndege ku Egypt

Chimodzi mwa mavuto ambiri ofunika a m'dzinja 2015 anali kuwonongeka mu Iguputo. Lero, "pali opulumuka aliyense" - si nkhani yofunika kwambiri vutoli. Ngati poyamba anali mphekesera kuti si onse a anthu 224 anaphedwa, koma tsopano N'zomvetsa chisoni.

Lero anthu ndi chidwi chifukwa cha imfa ya yonyamula, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti izi sizidzachitikanso ndi ndegeyo Russian.

Kwathunthu Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana zimene zinachitikira Airbus A321 zokhazikitsa Russian ndi achilendo TV. Kuvula popanda zapamadzi kuchedwa Mphindi 23 patatha kuvula wasoŵa pa oyendetsa zinthu pa makina ounikira zifukwa zosadziwika.

Baibulo lina, chifukwa sanapezedwa opulumuka ngozi ndege Egypt, ndi kuphulika kwa bomba ili pa bolodi. The ndege anasiyiratu mu mlengalenga, kotero mwayi zinali pafupifupi palibe anthu.

Akuluakulu Aigupto amati pamaso mabomba chilengedwe wreckage anapezeka. deta zimenezi zinatuluka mwa iwo pambuyo akatswiri ku US, England ndi Russia afika kunena mosiyana.

Chifukwa chokha anapezazo sanali kugwilizana wa akatswiri - ndi kusafuna la Egypt kutaya makasitomala angathe m'nyengo alendo ndi kulipidwa "Kogalymavia" kampani kwa Kuwonongeka kwa ndegeyo mu airspace ake. Ngati panali anthu opulumuka ngozi ndege ku Iguputo, iwo nayenso chipukutamisozi kumawononga.

Iwo ayenera ayenera kubwera odyerekeza mbali ziwiri, koma kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya aeronautics, tikhoza kunena kuti ndege sindikufuna basi usathe mu mlengalenga ndi makina ounikira Kodi kutha. Final mfundo panobe, koma anthu m'mayiko momveka bwino chimene chapangitsa ngozi ndege ku Iguputo. Kodi pali opulumuka aliyense, yankho la funso limeneli ndi losavuta - "ayi."

ziwerengero zabwino

Kudziwa asayansi mosamala ndikufuna kuwerenga ndi kuyeza chirichonse, palibe angatsutse kuti nayenso anaphunzira funso, n'chifukwa chiyani sapulumuka itawonongedwa anthu.

chifukwa kwenikweni banal kwambiri - yemweyo anthu Chinthu. Ngati ife kutenga ziwerengero kusintha zimayambitsa Ronaldo kuyambira 1908, izo lidzaonekera izi:

• pa chiyambi cha ndege kuchokera 1908 mpaka 1929. 50% n'zimene nkhani ndi mavuto luso, 30% - pa nyengo, 10% - 10% ndi moto - katswiri zolakwa,
• theka lachiwiri la m'ma 20 zombo anabwera ndi kuwirikiza kawiri wina - 24% akukhudzana makina, 25% - mlandu nyengo, woyendetsa zolakwa - 37%, moto - 7%, ndi kuukira zatenga chokha 5%;
• Ziyembekezo za m'ma 21 ali zasintha - 45% - ponena anthu Chinthu 13% - nyengo, 32% - mavuto luso, moto - 3%, ndi matenda zatenga 4% ya milandu.

Choncho kusintha zimayambitsa ngozi mpweya mu mlengalenga kwa zaka 100. Komabe, lero ndiyo njira zabwino kwambiri kuyenda chifukwa Ronaldo zimachitika ndi Mwina 0,00001%. Komanso, pali kuwonjezeka nthawi zina kupulumuka si munthu m'modzi pa ngozi ndege, ndi mbali m'basimo.

Mwachitsanzo, anthu 4 anapulumuka kuwonongeka kumene kunachitika mu Japan mu 1985, mphindi 12 pambuyo kulitenga pa ndege depressurization zinachitika mu chipinda aft. Oyendetsa anakwanitsa kugwira galimoto mu mlengalenga Mphindi 32, kenako bolodi inaonongeka makilomita 100 kuchokera likulu la Japan. Monga opulumuka anauza apulumutsidwe angakhale, chifukwa anthu kuti andithandize, koma ndi nthawi ya kufika kwa Owapulumutsa amene si mofulumira, panali anthu 520 akufa. Iwo anaphedwa ndi mabala subcooling analandira pamene waponya.

Mwatsoka, zokhudza opulumutsidwa si nthawi zonse zizigwirizana choonadi. Kotero izo zinali, pamene kuuzidwa kuti anthu anayi anapulumuka Kuwonongeka kwa Egypt. Pankhaniyi, inu mukhoza kumva chifundo ndi anthu amene anapeza chiyembekezo chozizwitsa, koma ndiye kachiwiri kuti anataya.

The Russian ndege mbiri ndipo pali zitsanzo kumene m'basimo munali akufa Kuwonongeka kwa zapamadzi lapansi. Choncho, anthu amene anapulumuka kuwonongeka, "Kogalymavia" mu 2011 pamene ndege moto, amene taxied yekha pa msewu wonyamukira ndege ya, ali ndi tikiti kuwina. Ya okwera 116 ndi mamembala 6 adalira anaphedwa, anthu atatu yekha, Lachiwiri 154 kwathunthu kutenthedwa.