Ozungulira zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka: bwanji kukonzekera kwawo. cycloalkanes

M'nkhaniyi tiona kupeza cycloalkanes ndi mbali ya kapangidwe awo. Tiyeni kufotokoza za katundu khalidwe la zinthu zimenezi, potengera maonekedwe a dongosolo lawo.

kapangidwe

Kuyamba kudziwa Kapangidwe ka kalasi anati kwa chimasanduka organic. mankhwala onse ozungulira anawagawa mitundu carbocyclic ndi heterocyclic.

Gulu lachiwiri ndi mkati chatsekedwa maatomu kuzungulira atatu mpweya. Heterocyclic mankhwala yemweyo ena kuposa mpweya mu mamolekyulu awo muli sulfure, mpweya, phosphorous, asafe.

Pali kugawanikana carbocyclic mankhwala onunkhira alicyclic mankhwala.

zinthu alicyclic

Zikuphatikizapo cycloalkanes. katundu mankhwala ndi yokonza zinthu zimenezi ofunitsitsa ndendende ndi dongosolo chatsekedwa a kalasi ya chimasanduka.

Alicyclic otchedwa zinthu zimene mmodzi kapena ambiri omwe si onunkhira m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito cycloalkanes imatengedwa mu mawu a ubale wao ndi pawiri alicyclic.

Gawo

Nthumwi zosavuta kalasi ya chimasanduka ndi cyclopropane. Pa kapangidwe ake atatu okha mpweya maatomu. Oimira mndandanda magazi otchedwa, kuwonjezera, ndi paraffins. Malinga ndi katundu wawo mankhwala ndi thupi ofanana chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Mamolekyulu muli nsinga umodzi anapanga orbitals wosakanizidwa. Mtundu cycloalkanes wa mwakusakaniza sp3.

The zikuchokera chonse chimene anali nacho kalasi chilinganizo SnN2n. mankhwala awa ali interclass isomers ethylenic chimasanduka.

Malinga ndi nomenclature panopa mayiko wa M'MALO, ndi mutu wa oimira kalasi kuwonjezera ndi manambala oyambirira "cyclo" kuti nambala yoyenera maatomu hydrocarbon. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, kulandira cyclohexane, cyclopentane. Zomveka amatipatsa nomenclature dzina chiwerengero cha magulu chatsekedwa methylene CH2. Chifukwa cha ichi, adzakhululukidwa anatchula trimethylene cyclopropane ndi cyclobutane - tetramethylene.

Kwa gulu ili la mankhwala organic yodziwika ndi isomerism structural zokhudza chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu mphete, ndi isomerism kuwala.

Zosintha maphunziro

Tsopano taonani zimene phwando. Cycloalkanes akhoza zopezera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, malingana ndi mtundu wa poyambira zinthu akanasankhidwa mankhwala kusintha. Tidzaona bwinobwino waukulu options paraffin kaphatikizidwe.

Choncho, zimene amalandira? Cycloalkanes popangidwa ndi cyclization diagalogenproizvodnyh zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka. Mofananamo mankhwala opangidwa yachinai ndi atatu ziwalo mphete. Mwachitsanzo, cyclopropane. Tiyeni tione kukonzekera - cycloalkanes, amene ali oyimira loyamba la mndandanda magazi anapanga ndi kanthu ya magnesium zachitsulo kapena nthaka digalogenproizvodnuyu lolingana alkane.

Ndipo momwe mukhoza kupanga zisanu ziwalo ndi zisanu ndi ziwalo ozungulira mankhwala, ndondomeko chotenga awo? Cycloalkanes ndi mpweya maatomu ambiri mu dongosolo la kulenga m'malo ovuta, kuyambira chifukwa conformation vuto ndi cyclization wa molekyulu ndi. chodabwitsa Ichi ndi chifukwa ufulu kasinthasintha wa C-C, amene kwambiri amachepetsa imabwera pawiri ozungulira. Mapangidwe awa cycloalkanes oimira monga kuyambira zipangizo ndi 1,2- kapena 1,3-digalogenproizvodnye lolingana alkane.

Mwa njira paraffin ndondomeko kaphatikizidwe komanso kusiyanitsa decarboxylation zidulo dicarboxylic ndi mchere zace. Five- ndi cycloalkanes zisanu ndi ziwalo anakonza intermolecular condensation.

Mwa njira yeniyeni uyambike awo kutchula anachita pakati alkenes ndi carbenes, kubwezeretsa mpweya opangidwa kuchokera tsiklosoedineny.

katundu mankhwala

njira zonse zotheka chotenga cycloalkanes ndipo ankachita ofunitsitsa ndi peculiarities dongosolo mankhwala. Popeza pamaso pa dongosolo ozungulira, pakati pa katundu waukulu wa mankhwala anachita wa cycloalkanes wa hydrogen sankhani mogwirizana (hydrogenation), Kupha ake (madzi m'thupi).

Pakuti zochita ntchito chothandizira monga pulatinamu, palladium akhoza kuchita. Kodi anachita pa kutentha okwera mtengo umadalira pa kukula mphete. The kanthu pa ozungulira hydrocarbon molekyulu ndi UV walitsa, akhoza anachita chlorination (chlorine Kuwonjezera).

Monga nthumwi zonse mankhwala organic, cycloalkane akhoza kulowa zimene kuyaka, kupanga mpweya woipa pambuyo anachita, nthunzi. Zimenezi amatanthauza njira exothermic kuyambira limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa kwa kutentha chokwanira.

Pomaliza

Paraffins atsekedwa hydrocarbon mankhwala anapanga ku alkanes digalogenproizvodnyh kapena mankhwala ena organic. Features dongosolo lawo anatsimikiza zofunika katundu mankhwala cycloalkanes, ntchito yawo. Makamaka iwo ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe organic kutulutsa mpweya mankhwala organic.