Limbikitsani ma hydrocarboni: makhalidwe ambiri, isomerism, mankhwala

Mankhwala a hydrocarboni ndi gulu losavuta kwambiri la zinthu, ma molekyulu ali ndi maatomu a zinthu ziwiri zokha - carbon ndi hydrogen. Pa mitundu yambiri ya ma hydrocarboni, magulu ambiri a mankhwala amapangidwa ndi mankhwala kaphatikizidwe njira .

Mankhwala a hydrocarbon amagawidwa m'magulu awiri - acyclic ndi cyclic. Acyclic hydrocarboni kapena fatty hydrocarbons kapena aliphatic hydrocarbons ndi awa: ma hydrocarboni odzaza (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, dienes), acyclic terpenes. Mapiko a hydrocarboni amaimiridwa ndi magulu a cycloparaffins, anesnes ndi a cyclic terpenes. Nthaŵi zina matpensi amatchulidwa ku zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira zamoyo.

Kuletsa ma hydrocarbons (alkanes) ndi magulu a carbon ndi hydrogen, mu ma molekyulu omwe mazenera onse otsalira pambuyo pa kugwirizana kwa maatomu a mpweya ndi mzake mosavuta amakhala odzaza ndi maatomu a haidrojeni. Ma alkanes onse amatha kuganiziridwa ngati othandizira kapena ma homologues a methane. Ngati kuchokera ku methane, yomwe ili ndi machitidwe a maselo CH4, kutenga atomu imodzi ya haidrojeni, CH3 yaikulu imapangidwa. Pogwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti mu molekyu ya zinthu zakuthupi, mpweya, monga lamulo, ndizowonjezereka, kuphatikizapo zinthu ziwiri zoterezi zimayambitsa maonekedwe a wachiwiri wachiwiri wa ethane-ethane (C2H6). Ngati atomu ya ethylene imatengedwa kuchokera ku atomu imodzi ya haidrojeni, imakhala yopangidwa ndi ethyl, yomwe, pambuyo poyanjana ndi CH3, imayambitsa chipangizo chachitatu-propane.

Pofufuzira kapangidwe kake ka propane, n'zosavuta kutsimikizira kuti molekyulu yake imaphatikizapo mitundu iŵiri ya maatomu a carbon - oyambirira ndi apamwamba. Atomu iliyonse ya atomu ya mpweya imakhala ndi atomu imodzi ya mpweya ndi valence yake, ndipo yachiwiri ndi ma velo awiri okhala ndi maatomu awiri a kaboni. Ngati titachotsa atomu ya haidrojeni kuchokera ku atomu ya carbon atom ya propane, choyamba chimayambitsa, kuchokera kuchiwiri - chachiwiri propyl. Kuwonjezera pa pulayimale kapena secondary secondary methyl propyl kumapanganso kupanga mapangidwe a mitundu yovomerezeka yachinayi. Lembani mankhwala awiri - yachibadwa butane ndi mndandanda wowongoka wa carboxylic and isobutane ndi nthambi ya carbon.

Malire ma hydrocarboni: mawonekedwe

Chiyimire choyimira cha alkanes ndi methane. Mndandanda wa maselo CH4. Maselo a Alkane amadziwika ndi chigwirizano. Mu methane ya methane, atomu ya mpweya imapanga mgwirizano umodzi wokha chifukwa cha s s ndi zitatu p orbitals, ndipo atomu iliyonse ya hydrogen imachokera ku s-orbitals.

Limbikitsani ma hydrocarbons: nomenclature ndi isomerism

Pogwiritsa ntchito mayendedwe a methane oyambira, kuyambira ndi butane C4H10, timakumana ndi zochitika za isomerism. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya C4H10 ikufanana ndi mankhwala awiri, C5H12 - atatu. M'tsogolomu, chiwerengero cha isomers chikuwonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa ma atomu a mpweya mu alkane molecule. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya C6H14 ikugwirizana ndi machitidwe asanu, ndipo mwachitsanzo, C7H16-9, C8H18-18, C10H22-76, C12H26-355. Otsatira anayi oyambirira a alkanes ndi magetsi, kuyambira pachisanu mpaka chakhumi ndi chiwiri, zakumwa, kuyambira pa khumi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, zolimba kwambiri .

Mitundu ya mankhwala odzaza ndi ma hydrocarboni

Zonsezi zimachepetsa ma hydrocarboni ndi zinthu zowonongeka. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi mfundo yakuti mu ma molecule a alkane mpweya wa carbon ndi ma hydrogen umagwirizanitsidwa ndi zizindikiro za sigma, choncho mankhwalawa sangagwirizane ndi maatomu a hydrogen. Alkanes amalowa mu halogenation, nitration, ndi cleavage. Mu njira ya halogenation, maatomu a halojeni amalowetsa mosavuta maatomu a haidrojeni mu molecule ya alkane. Pamene nitrating, gulu la nitro limasintha mosavuta hydrogen pamaphunziro akuluakulu, ovuta - m'matomu achiwiri ndi apakati a carbon.

Mitengo ya hydrocarboni ndi yosatetezedwa ndi zipangizo zopangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwa kugawa maatomu a haidrojeni kuchokera ku ma hydrocarboni opambana, n'zotheka kupeza unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).