Pamene iwo anatulukira magalasi? History mfundo

90% zambiri zachilengedwe timazindikira kudzera maso. Ngakhale mu Roma, asayansi ndi anzeru kuti afike pomvetsetsa kuti munthu wakhungu pafupifupi wonyozeka ndi wopanda pake. Pamene iwo anatulukira magalasi? Chotsani maganizo pa nkhani imeneyi kulibe, koma pali zambiri maganizo ndi umboni kuti akhoza kukuuzani zambiri zokhudza mbiri ya chipangizo ichi.

History mfundo

Ofukula m'manda a Aigupto farao Tutankhamun magalasi, ndi Mfumu Nero anadwala kukhala pa dzuwa ndipo anasangalala ndi emarodi, poyamba anaikapo mu chimango cha. Ndipo tsopano Kutulukira likugwiritsa ntchito magawo atatu a anthu pa dziko.

Pa zafukulidwa ndi ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza nambala mwachilungamo lalikulu magalasi ku Greece, Egypt, Italy ndi Mesopotamia (akupeza unayamba za tsiku - zaka 2500 patsogolo RH). Mabwinja Knossos Krete (Greece) anapezeka mandala ochepa a thanthwe Krustalo, choikidwa 1600 BC Oyambirira zotsatira mandala mu Sarigoni anailemba V-IV zaka B.C.

Komabe, izi ndi anapezazo ena ambiri palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti magalasi anali ndiye ntchito ngati chida kuwala. Ngakhale malembo pa Optics mulibe zomwe magalasi ankakonda vuto masomphenya.

Kutulukira masewera

Funso akanali yemweyo - pamene iwo anatulukira magalasi? Woyamba magalasi kuwala, amene zina zofanana ndi amakono, anaonekera mu Italy padziko m'ma XIII. Mwa njira, Italy mbuye galasi-case, akupera ndi kupukuta ankatengedwa zabwino mu dziko. Kuti yekha ndi mbiri choyenera cha galasi Venetian?

Kwa nthawi yaitali glassmakers Italy ntchito ndi nkhaniyo ikhoza ankadziwa katundu ndi makhalidwe a galasi, kuphatikizapo kuwala. Koma monga lingaliro kuphatikiza ndi magalasi awiri Rim uli Salvino Armati anachokera ku Florence. Zinali iye amene anayamba purposefully kubala magalasi masomphenya kudzudzulidwa, amene nawonso, anatilenga kuti anthu akuvutika presbyopia.

Amene ali ndi lingaliro kulenga mfundo?

Imeneyi ndi nkhani yovuta iwowa anatulukira magalasi. Monga chikuonekera, yankho lomveka palibe, koma ofufuza ambiri timakonda ndikukhulupirira kuti tsiku Kutulukira imagwera pa zana XIII.

Koma pali wina funso zomveka: amene anatulukira magalasi? Lingaliro la nkhanza ndi magalasi awiri uli Salvino Armati, koma n'kosatheka kuona ntchito ya pulofesa University Oxford amene anayesetsa kuphunzira chifanizo cha refraction mu magalasi. Kachiwiri XIII m'ma - Roger Bacon ntchito mu 1214-1292, motero.

mwapadera wapatsidwa ntchito ya Italy mmisiri Alexander The kumbuyo mlanduwo. Iye anali mu XIII m'ma anayamba kubala magalasi kuti tikonzedwe masomphenya n'kumagulitsa kwa anthu mu Pisa ndi m'midzi yapafupi. Koma XVI m'ma katswiri si nthawi yabwino mankhwala kuwala - loletsa pa kuvala magalasi, monga ambiri amangowerenga osamvetsetsa mmene ntchito ndipo sanathe kuunikira katundu wawo.

Pamene ndipo kodi mfundo koyamba?

Ndi ndani, nanga ndipo pamene anatulukira magalasi? Funso limeneli bwino koposa. Tikhonza kupita mwakuya mu mbiri ya chowonjezera chofunika kwa anthu ambiri. Ngati mfundo koyamba kwa nthawi yoyamba anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XIII, ndi magalasi diffuser adaona kuwala kokha m'zaka XVI - mfundo imeneyi kwachititsa chakuti magalasi kwa anthu amene amadwala myopia, anaonekera mochedwa.

Komabe, zimenezi yojambula kwambiri m'munda wa Optics asinthe. Gwirizanani, anthu anapanga izi anali ndi timibulu bwino kapena zidutswa za galasi, imene anthu akale anali kumenyana chakhungu. A zaka zoposa 700, koma mfundo ndi sanataye kufunika kwake. Pamodzi ndi zaluso monga opaleshoni laser kapena magalasi kukhudzana, kupanga magalasi akadali otchuka kwambiri.

Chidwi ndi osangalatsa mfundo za magalasi

Kuyang'ana pa mbiriyakale ya zambiri Kutulukira ndi mavuto amene anatulukira magalasi ndi mwini mfundo imeneyi, tikhoza mme- zamoyo wa chowonjezera chofunika. Mwachitsanzo, m'zaka za m'ma XIII, zinali kokha mandala, atathana ochiritsira felemu njira kwambiri m'mbali. XIV zaka - nthawi monocle, umene ndi mandala wotetezedwa kwa chogwirira kutalika kaso kapena unyolo. Pa nthawi galasi maseŵera, magalasi ndi mafelemu wayamba chipangizo kwambiri. Choncho, posachedwapa anawona lorgnettes kuwala ndi pince-nez, amene ngakhale anakhala ngati chizindikiro cha nthawi imeneyo.

Dziwani kuti magalasi ndi zipangizo zina kuwala anali bwino, osati mbali luso - kusintha timakalandira ndi mamangidwe mankhwala, komanso khalidwe lake ndi chuma. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mfundo posachedwa zokwanira akhoza kukuuzani inu za udindo wa mwini ndi wachokera ake mpikisano makamaka. Mwachitsanzo, nduna Spanish mudabvala magalasi ake ndi magalasi lalikulu kwambiri, zomwe anatsindika wachokera awo kwa akuluakulu a udindo wapamwamba.

magalasi Evolution kuti tikonzedwe masomphenya

Anatchulapo Arc kutalika - zachilendo wachibale, amene anadza m'malo mfundo masika, amene adzatsekeredwa kwambiri Ufumuyo mphuno. Ambuye ndi akatswiri awo wathunso ndi theka wokongola wa anthu - madona anali anapanga chipangizo wapadera kuti amalola kuti mosavuta phiri mfundo pa kapu ya. Tikumbukenso kuti luso ili ambiri mu zaka XV-XVIII, osati mwa madona: akuluakulu okalamba sankaona kuti kunali koyenera kuchotsa chipewa, kotero chipangizo izi zinali zofunika kwa iwo.

Kumene, magalasi analibe aliyense - ichi ndi chifukwa kukwera mtengo kwa kupangidwa. Pofuna kupeza kwenikweni bwino ndi galasi, pamafunika ndalama zambiri, kotero iwo akanatha anthu olemera okha.

Ndipo kachiwiri pa tsiku la pakutchulidwa mfundo

Pamene iwo anatulukira magalasi - n'zomveka. Koma kuti akhoza anayankha pa magalasi chiyani? Pamene kuyambitsa koyamba anabweretsedwa pamaso pa anthu onse?

Oddly zokwanira, kupanga magalasi chitetezo diso kwa dzuwa wa Eskimos. Ngakhale, ngati inu muyang'ana, yachilendo izi zonse kanthu. Tsiku kumalo ozizira dzuwa kuwala kwambiri, ndipo ngati inu kuwonjezera kwa whiteness izi khungu la maso pa thambo lalikulu la chisanu ndi luso chisanu ndi kusonyeza dzuŵa, zikuoneka kuti anthu a Far North kufunika Kutulukira uyu anali apamwamba kuposa mwa mbadwa za m'madera ena. Choyamba magalasi ankaimira mbale fupa ndi zamkati angapo kuti apewe kukhudzana ndi dzuwa.

Zothandiza zimatha magalasi

Aliyense akudziwa kuti maso - ndi chiwalo kofunika kuti amapangira ndalama yaikulu mfundo dziko lakunja. N'chifukwa chake thanzi lawo ayenera yowalanga changu ndi Nthawi inali itakwana ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino.

Mulimonsemo si koyenera kuchita ndi kusankha palokha magalasi kuti tikonzedwe masomphenya. Pakuti zolinga zimenezi, pali ophthalmologists. M'pofunika amafuna kuteteza maso awo ntchito kwambiri, nthawi zonse kuchita zochangamutsa ndi kuwapatsa kupuma.

Kodi mungachite kuwonjezera? umisiri wamakono kupereka njira yapadera chilango masomphenya - ndi Opaleshoni ndi magalasi kukhudzana. Komabe, umatiuza alibe kukhudzana pafupi ndi diso, chimene chikutanthauza kuti si yoopsa kwambiri komanso zoopsa. Komanso, magalasi mu dziko lamakono - ndi zochititsa chidwi chowonjezera kuti akhoza ukasintha kusintha maonekedwe.