Diverging mandala

Mandala - ndi galasi thupi, lomwe okha ndi pamwamba ozungulira kapena cylindrical. Kusiyanitsa anthu a mitundu ake: otukukira kunja ndi concave.

Kapangidwe ka thupi galasi

concave A (zoipa mandala) ndi otukukira kunja (gulu) zigwirizana mbali lonse zitani. Iwo ali kubalalika lonse la m'mbali zitani pakati, ndi mandala gulu - M'malo mwake.

Ikani matupi awo galasi mu malo amene munthu refractive index wamkulu kuposa index refractive ya mandala tatchulazi. Ndiye oipa mandala gulu katundu - ndipo mosemphanitsa.

Center wa dera la limene mbali ndi pamwamba pa thupi, wotchedwa likulu la kupindika. Ngati mmodzi wa lathyathyathya pamwamba pake, kuti iye ali osawerengeka.

A mzere wolunjika kulumikiza malo kupindika wa pamalo amene ali n'lozungulira wofotokozedwa monga waukulu olamulira kuwala. Ndi perpendicular pamwamba pa maso pa mfundo, amene chitadutsa. Lozani atagona olamulira kuwala pakati, malo kuwala. mzere alionse amene angakumane kudutsa malo a mlingo woyenerera kwa olamulira chachikulu, imatengedwa mosayembekezera.

Poti kuwala onse, amene nawonso, ndi kufanana kwa olamulira kuwala pambuyo akutulukira kuchokera mandala imatchedwa chimake. mfundo A kumene akupita kupitiriza cheza amene ali obalalika, kutchedwa cholinga mwina disolo diverging.

Distance from pakati (kunena za pakati kuwala) cha thupi galasi kuganizira kutalika focal. Ndege, amene limachokera mwa mfundo cholinga, ndipo nawonso, chimafikira perpendicular kwa olamulira kuwala amatchedwa focal.

Kuti agwire kulingalira mu kubalalika kwa chinthu mandala, amene amapereka mandala, m'pofunika adzamange fano mfundo kwambiri. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kunyezimira kugwa pa thupi galasi adzakhala likufanana ndi waukulu olamulira kuwala, pamene iwo anabwera ndi kudutsa inagona. cheza yomwe kugwa pa maso mwa cholinga, pambuyo kupita kufanana mtengo. Ngati mtengo udzaphwanya pakati kuwala, atatuluka, iye kudzalimbikitsa mbali imodzi, ndiko kuti, sati refracted.

Kutanthauza mtunda kuchokera chinthu disolo ndi b, ndi mtunda kuchokera mandala fanolo - kudzera m, pamene kutalika mogwirizana ndi chilemba cha V, ndiye aone kuti pali zotsatirazi chomveka:

1 / b + 1 / g = 1 / V.

Chotero aone kuti pali ndi imatengedwa mandala chilinganizo. M'pofunika kudziwa kutalika kwa chinthu chifaniziro pa maudindo osiyana wachibale wa thupi galasi.

Ngati mtunda izi pamapeto pake adzatuluka zoipa, izo zikusonyeza kuti chifaniziro cha chinthu ali kumbali yomweyo ya mandala monga chinthu. Choncho, ngati ndi mandala zoipa, kutalika focal phindu mu chilinganizo otsiriza ayenera kumwedwa ndi chizindikiro chochotsera, monga mtengo zoipa n'zosapeŵeka.

Ubwino, womwe ndi reciprocal Utali, monga mwa mphamvu kuwala. Iwo amayezedwa diopters. Kudziwa kutalika kwa fano, amene amapereka disolo, ndi chinthu kukula zingadziŵike liniya kuwonjezeka, amene amapereka thupi galasi. Umenewu ndi chiŵerengero cha chifaniziro kutalika kwa msinkhu wa chinthu yokha.

Diffuser. kulingalira

phunziro ili osawerengeka. Ndiye chifaniziro cha chinthu adzakhala mu cholinga ndi kungoganiza. miyeso yake ndi magawo likhoza kuganiza, kuyambira phindu lenileni sizingatheke.

Chinthu chimene chapatali yaing'ono kuchokera ku thupi galasi. Kwa mandala diverging, amene sakanakhala nkhani, chifaniziro chake nthawi zonse adzakhala kumbali chomwecho disolo, kumene kuli phunziro yokha. chithunzi adzakhala yafupika, ndi molunjika kungoganiza.