Persia - kodi dziko tsopano? Iran: mbiri ya dziko

Nthawi zambiri masiku ano timamva nkhani ya dziko mu gawo kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia wotchedwa Persia. Kodi tsopano dziko alowa m'malo pa mapu ndale za dzikoli? Kuyambira mu 1935, Aperisi mwalamulo kudziwika monga Iran.

Kale, dziko lino unali likulu la ufumu waukulu, amene gawo linayambira ku mtsinje wa Aigupto kufikira Indus.

madera

Iwo ayenera kuti pa nthawi analibe omveka bwino State Persia. Kodi tsopano dziko m'mayiko awa, kudziwa mabvuto zokwanira. Ngakhale masiku ano Iran yekha pafupifupi ili m'malire a Perisiya wakale. chakuti nthawi zina ufumuwo anali ambiri dziko anthu pa nthawiyo. Koma panali zaka zikachitika, pamene gawo Persian unagawidwa pakati pa atsogoleri a m'dera lanu kudana ndi mzake.

Relief ambiri panopa ndi mkulu Persian (1200 m) okwera, amene anawoloka unyolo mwala ranges ndiponso mapiri munthu kuti mbakwira 5500 m. Elbrus mapiri ndi Zagros ili mu gawo kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa oyandikana nawo. Iwo anakonza mu mawonekedwe a kalata «V», nkhanza yachonde.

Ili kumadzulo kwa Persia, Mesopotamia. Ndi kunyumba kwa chitukuko amakezana padziko lapansi. Pa nthawi, boma la ufumuwo zinakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha dziko nascent ya Perisiya.

nkhani

Persia (Iran) - ndi dziko amene ali ndi mbiri kwambiri. Mbiri yake zikuphatikizapo ndewu ndi kumbuyo nkhondo, kuukirana kusintha, komanso yimitsira mwankhanza kanthu zandale. Koma nthawi yomweyo wakale Iran - malo akulu a nthawi, zomwe zinachititsa kuti ukuyenda bwino ndi luso ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko ndipo anamanga kukongola chodabwitsa cha nyumba zake, zomangamanga amene adakali Ndimagoma ife ndi ulemerero wake. Mbiri ya Perisiya, ali ambiri kulamulira achepetse. Sangathe OSAWERENGEKA. Aliyense wa achepetse izi kubweretsa mphamvu malamulo zimene zimaipitsa munthu chabe sanayese n'komwe awo.

nthawi zakale

Kwambiri wopyoza Persia pa njira ya chitukuko. Koma zikuluzikulu chachikulu cha chitukuko amaonedwa kukhala Mmasiku awiri. Mmodzi wa awa chisanadze Chisilamu, ndipo chachiwiri - Muslim. The Islamization of Ancient Iran chifukwa cha kusintha lofunika muzochitika ake zandale, ndi chikhalidwe. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kutha kwa makhalidwe akale wauzimu. Iwo osati sanataye, komanso Pamlingo waukulu mukopedwe chikhalidwe latsopano limene unachokera mu dziko kumapeto kwa nthawi awiri mbiri. Komanso, ambiri miyambo ndi chisanadze Chisilamu zisungidwe Iran kutali.

Board Achaemenid

Ancient Iran monga boma zinakhalako Koresi II. wolamulira anali tate wa Achaemenid mafumu, umene unali mu mphamvu yochokera zaka 550 kwa 330. BC. e. Aperisiya ndi Amedi - pansi pa Koresi II awiri waukulu m'mayiko-Asian fuko anali woyamba ogwirizana. Iyi inali nthawi ya ulamuliro wamphamvu kwambiri wa Perisiya. m'gawo lake anawonjezera kuti Central ndi Minor Asia, Indus Valley ndi Egypt. zofunika kwambiri malo ofukula zinthu zakale ndi zakale m'mabwinja likulu Achaemenid Persian - Pesepoli.

Apa Manda a Koresi II, komanso lolembedwa chosema pa Dariyo Ine Behistun thanthwe. Panthawiyo, anawatentha Pesepoli dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky nthawi imene wake kwa anagonjetsa Iran. Izi kutha kwa mgonjetsi wa Achaemenid Ufumu. Umboni za nthawi, mwatsoka, sanakhale ndi moyo. Adaonongedwa ndi Alexander Wamkulu.

ulamuliro wa Chihelene

Kuchokera 330 mpaka 224 BC. e. Persia anali mu mkhalidwe pansi. Pamodzi ndi dziko komanso chikhalidwe chake ndi adzitsitsa. Nthawi imeneyi, Ancient Iran anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa chigamulo pa nthawi ya Chigiriki Aselukasi, kukhala gawo la dziko eponymous. Kusintha chikhalidwe ndi chinenero Persian. Iwo ali ndi Ahelene. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chikhalidwe aku Iran sanataye. Iwo kwakhudza ochokera Greece. Koma izi zinachitika yekha m'madera amene pakhala kudzidalira ndi chachikulu madera Greek.

Aparti

Panapita zaka mphamvu ya Agiriki ku Persia lidzatha. History of Ancient Iran adalowa gawo latsopano. Dziko mbali ya Parthian Ufumu. Pali ankalamulidwa Arshakids, amadziona kukhala mbadwa za Achaemenid. Izi olamulira a Perisiya anamasulidwa akuluakulu Greek, komanso kuteteza ku nkhondo ya Aroma ndi wongosamukasamuka.

Nthawi imeneyi, ndi aku Iran epic dziko linalengedwa, ambiri nkhani otchulidwa amunamuna. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Rustem. Izi ngwazi aku Iran m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi Hercules.

Mu nthawi Parthian anaona kulimbitsa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono. Anafooka Persia. Chifukwa, iwo unagonjetsedwa ndi Sassanids. A siteji latsopano mu mbiri ya Ancient Iran.

Sasanian Ufumu

Pakati pa 224 ndi 226 zaka N. e. kuchokera kumpando wachifumu anagonjetsa otsiriza Parthian mfumu Artaban V. mphamvu ndi nsinga ya Sassanid mafumu. Nthawi imeneyi, malire a Ancient Iran linali obwezeretsedwa, koma kukodzedwa kwa chakum'mawa kwa dziko la China, kuphatikizapo Punjab ndi Transcaucasia. Mafumu anachita nkhondo zonse ndi Aroma, ndi m'modzi wa ophunzira ake - Shapur I - ngakhale anakwanitsa kugwila awo Mfumu Valerian. Permanent nkhondo anatsogolera Sassanid mafumu ndi Ufumu wa Byzantium.
Nthawi imeneyi, Persia anali kukula kwa mzinda, ndipo apo panali kulimbitsa boma. Ndiye kunali Chizorowasita, omwe anakhala chipembedzo dziko. Nyengo Sassanid anayamba kupanga ndi wovomerezeka dongosolo zinayi wogwila wa utsogoleri magawano ndi stratification amayendedwe onse a moyo kwa kalasi 4.

Masiku Sassanid ku Persia atagonjetsa Chikhristu, amene zoipa anakumana ansembe Zoroastrian. Ndiyeno panali chitsutso magulu ena achipembedzo. Pakati pawo - Mazdakism ndi Manichaeism.

Wotchuka woimira Sassanid mafumu anali Shah Khosrow I. The pomasulira dzina lake limatanthauza "moyo wosafa." ulamuliro wake umayambira 531 ndi zaka 579. Khosrow Ndinali wotchuka kuti kutchuka kwake zinasungidwa kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo kugwa kwa Sassanid mafumu. wolamulira wakhala mu chikumbukiro ana monga wokonzanso kwambiri. Iye anali ndi chidwi chachikulu Khosrow Ine mwa nzeru za anthu ndi sayansi. Magwero ena aku Iran pano ngakhale kuyerekeza ndi Plato "nzeru zapamwamba-mfumu".

Sassanid kwambiri wofooka nkhondo zonse ndi Rome. Mu 641, dziko wataya nkhondo yaikulu ya Aluya. Sassanian siteji ya mbiri ya Iran itatha imfa ya membala wotsiriza wa mafumu ichi - Yezdegerda III. Persia unalowa m'nyengo Chisilamu la chitukuko.

Board achepetse m'dera

Arab Caliphate pang'onopang'ono kukodzedwa kum'mawa. Komanso, boma lake lalikulu Baghdad ndi Damasiko sanathe kuchita ziyang'aniridwe ndi zigawo zonse. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti mu Iran panali achepetse m'deralo. The oyamba - Tahirids. nthumwi zake analamulira zaka 821 873. mu Khorasan. Saffarids m'malo mafumu izi. ulamuliro wawo m'dera la Khorasan, Iran ndi kum'mwera Herat unatha mu theka lachiwiri la m'zaka za m'ma. Komanso mpando wachifumu anagwidwa ndi Samanids. mafumu uyu, kulalikidwa okha ana a Parthian asilikali Bahram Chubin. Samanids unachitikira mpando kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu, anakafika ulamuliro wake pa m'madera ambiri. Dziko Iran muulamuliro awo umachokera ku mzinda kum'mawa kwa mapiri ku Aral Nyanja ndi Zagros mapiri. pakati State anali Bukhara.

Chinachake kenako, m'dera la Persia ankalamulidwa ndi mitundu iwiri kwambiri. Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi zinali Ziyaridy. Iwo kulamulira dera la Caspian nyanja. Ziyaridy wotchuka chifukwa zothandizira mipingo yawo wake wa zaluso ndi mabuku. Mu nthawi yomweyo, m'chigawo chapakati Iran anali mu mphamvu mafumu Bund. Iwo anagonjetsa Baghdad ndipo Force, Khuzestan ndi Kerman, Ray ndi Hamadan.

Local aku Iran mafumu ankafuna mphamvu mu njira yomweyo. Analanda wachifumu, kulera kuukira zida.

Mafumu Ghaznavid ndi Seljuk

Kuyambira zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chitatu pa aku Iran Plateau anayamba umalowa mu Turkic mafuko woyendayendawu. Pang'onopang'ono, moyo wa anthu anakhala amangokhala. Panali midzi latsopano. Alp Tegin - mmodzi wa atsogoleri Turkic mafuko - anayamba kutumikira Sassanids. Mu 962 anakhala mphamvu ndi malamulo a boma kumene analenga, amene likulu unali mzinda wa Ghazni. Alp Tegin anayambitsa mzera watsopano. Gaznevity mphamvu unachitikira pang'ono pa zaka zana. M'modzi wa ophunzira ake - Mahmud Gaznevi - anali pansi pa ulamuliro zonse dera ku Mesopotamia kwa India. Wolamulira chomwecho Harasane inathetsedwa fuko la Oghuz Turkey. Kenako, mtsogoleri wawo Selcuk anakweza kupanduka ndi nagubuduza mafumu Ghaznavids. likulu Iran linalengezedwa mzinda Mwanza.

Seljuk mafumu a Asilamu chikale. Iye anatenga ulamuliro pa olamulira wamba, koma kwa zaka zambiri ulamuliro wake anachita nkhondo zonse.
Pa maluwa a mphamvu zapadera za Seljuk zomangamanga analandira. Mu ulamuliro wa mafumu a anamanga mazana madrassas, mizikiti, nyumba ya onse ndi nyumba za mafumu. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, ulamuliro wa Seljuk kupewedwa kupanduka okhazikika m'madera komanso nkhondo ya Mafuko ena a ku Turkey, amene anasamukira kumadera a kumadzulo. nkhondo zonse wofooka boma, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa kotala zoyambirira za m'ma akhumi anayamba udzangotha.

The ulamuliro wa Mongolia

Nkhondo ya asilikali a Genghis Khan sichimaperekedwa ndi Iran. mbiri dziko amatiuza kuti 1219 mkulu anatha kulanda Khorezm, kenako patsogolo kumadzulo, anagonjetsa Bukhara, Balkh, Samarkand, Merv ndi Nashapur.

mdzukulu wake, Hulagu Khan mu 1256 kachiwiri Inabuka Iran, ndipo analanda mkuntho Baghdad, kuwonongedwa Abbasiysky caliphate. Mgonjetsi anatenga udindo Ilhan, kukhala woyambitsa wa mafumu Hulaguid. Iye ndi m'malo amatengera chipembedzo, chikhalidwe ndi moyo wa anthu aku Iran. Kwa zaka zambiri, ku Mongolia mu malo Persia anayamba kufooketsa. Anawakakamiza kuti amenye nkhondo zonse ndi olamulira ang'onoang'ono ndi akuluakulu a achepetse m'deralo.

Pakati pa zaka 1380 ndi 1395. m'gawo aku Iran yachonde anagwidwa ndi Timur (Tamerlane). Iwo anagonjetsa dziko lonse, amene ali pafupi ndi nyanja ya Mediterranean. Ana a mtsogoleri wamkulu mpaka 1506 anali boma Timurid. Ndiponso, anali subordinated kwa Chiuzibeki Sheibanids mafumu.

History of Iran kwa zaka 15 mpaka 18

M'zaka izi Persia kupitiriza nkhondo mphamvu. Choncho, m'zaka za m'ma 15 ndi kumenyana pakati pa mafuko AK-koyundu ndi Kara-aoyundu. Mu 1502 mphamvu anagwidwa ndi Ismail I. mfumu Aka kanali koyamba nthumwi Safavid - Chiazebajani mafumu. Mu ulamuliro wa Ismail Ine ndi m'malo Iran nakhalanso mphamvu asilikali ndi wasanduka dziko chuma bwino.

boma Safavid chinakhalabe champhamvu mpaka imfa yake mu 1629, iye anali womaliza wolamulira Abbas I. Mu kum'mawa kwa Kharassan zinatumizidwa Uzbeks, ndi kumadzulo - anagonjetsa Ottoman. Iran, omwe amasonyeza khadi za thupi m'gawo lake chidwi anagonjetsa Georgia, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan. Mkati mwa malire amenewa analipo mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Pa dera la nkhondo Persian anali kumenyana Turkey ndi Afghanistan amene asankha kugonjetsa dziko. Iyo inali nthawi imene mphamvu anali Afshar mafumu. dziko kum'mwera kwa Iran kuchokera 1760 kuti 1779 anali pansi pa mphamvu ya mafumu, amene anakhazikitsidwa ndi Kerim Khan Zand. Ndiye izo anagonjetsa fuko Qajar Turkic. Motsogozedwa ndi mtsogoleri wawo, izo chapeza pansi onse a m'dera la mapiri aku Iran.

Qajar mzera

Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, Iran anataya chigawo, m'dera la makono Georgia, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha Qajar mafumu ankakhala akulitse boma zida, asilikali dziko ndi wogwirizana dongosolo msonkho deta. Mphamvu ya oimira ake anali wofooka kwambiri ndipo sanathe kupirira zilakolako lachifumu la Russia ndi Great Britain. M'manja mwa mphamvu zazikulu mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anacoka m'dziko la Afghanistan ndi Turkistan. Choncho Iran anakhala mosadziwa kutumikira monga m'bwalomo wa Chirasha British atasemphana.

Last wa Qajar anali mfumu malamulo. Izi malamulo ofunika Mafumu anakakamizika kutenga kuthamanga unachitikira ku dziko la tsoka. Against boma oyendetsera dziko la Iran anali mphamvu awiri - Russia ndi United Kingdom. Mu 1907, iwo anasaina mgwirizano pa nsoka wa Perisiya. mbali kumpoto wachoka Russia. M'mayiko kum'mwera kwa mphamvu zake UK. M'chigawo chapakati cha dziko linasiyidwa zone nkhondoyi.

Iran m'zaka za m'ma 20

Qajar mafumu anagwetsedwa mu zokhumba a. Iwo ankapita ndi General Reza Khan. Zinafika zopangira latsopano Pahlavi mafumu. Dzina limeneli, lomwe latembenuzidwa kuchokera Parthian amatanthauza "wolemekezeka ndi olimba mtima", cholinga chake chinali kutsindika mtundu wa chiyambi aku Iran.

Mu ulamuliro wa Reza Shah Pahlavi ya Perisiya anapulumuka chitsitsimutso ku dziko lawo. Izi anali ntchito ndi kusintha ambiri kwakukulu kuyendetsedwa ndi boma. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha mafakitale. ndalama ikuluikulu allocated kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale. misewu anamanga ndi njanji. Mwakhama imachitika chitukuko ndi kupanga mafuta. Sharia makhoti m'malo mwa bwino. Choncho, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ku Persia linayamba wamakono kwambiri.

Mu 1935, boma anasintha dzina Persia. Kodi tsopano dziko ndi m'malo ake? Iran. Ndi wakale kudzikonda Persia, kutanthauza "dziko la Aryans" (lopambana woyera mtundu). Pambuyo 1935 kunayamba kutsitsimutsa zapitazi chisanadze Chisilamu. Minor ndi yaikulu mizinda aku Iran ndi anadzatchedwa. Anayambanso zipilala chisanadze Chisilamu.

Kulandidwa kwa ufumu

The Shah lotsiriza la Pahlavi mafumu anabwera mpando mu 1941. ulamuliro wake kwa zaka 38. Kuchititsa malamulo ake akunja ankatsogoleredwa ndi maganizo a Shah USA. Komabe, iye anathandiza m'maulamuliro ovomereza-American zinalili mu Oman, Somalia ndi Chad. Mmodzi wa otsutsa olemekezeka Chisilamu Shah anali wansembe KMA Ruhollah Khomeini. Iye anatsogolera ntchito kunachitika ku boma alipo.

Mu 1977, Pulezidenti US Dzhimmi Karter anakankha Shah kuti tisaletse kupondereza wa kuwatsutsa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri chipani otsutsa ulamuliro wa masiku ano Iran unayamba kuonekera. Kukonzekera ulimi Chisilamu. ntchito ikuchitika otsutsa, ali kulimbikitsa ndi maganizo kumusonyeza cha anthu aku Iran amene ankatsutsa mfundo m'banja la dzikoli, ndi kuponderezedwa yachilendo Church mfundo ovomereza-American.

Kukwera Chisilamu inayamba zochitika za January 1978 Zinali ndiye kuti apolisi anawomberedwa chionetsero cha ophunzira amene sankagwirizana lofalitsidwa m'chigawo nyuzipepala amiseche Nkhani za Khomeini. The zipolowe anapitiriza chaka chonse. Shah anakakamizidwa kulowa m'dzikolo ndi malamulo achisilikali. Komabe, kusunga vutoli kunali kosatheka. Mu January 1979, ndi Shah kumanzere Iran.
Pambuyo kuthawa mu dziko msonkhano referendum. Chifukwa, April 1, 1979 panali Republic Chisilamu la Iran. Mu December chaka chomwecho adaona kuwala za m'malamulo kusinthidwa kwa dziko. chikalata wabwino ulamuliro wapamwamba wa Imam Khomeini, amene pambuyo pa imfa yake inali m'manja mwa m'malo mwake. pulezidenti Iran, wokhala Constituion, anali kuyang'anira atsongoleri andale ndi boma. Pamodzi ulamuliro wa mayiko litsatira Nduna ndi Board Advisory - mendzhlis. pulezidenti Iran ndi guarantor la chilamulo amawatenga Malamulo a.

Iran lero

boma kwambiri zokongola amadziwika kwa nthawi makedzana Persia. Amene dziko tsopano zikugwirizana kwambiri mwambi "East - nkhani wosakhwima"? Wakhala anatsimikizira pa kukhalapo ndi chitukuko cha boma funso.

Republic Chisilamu la Iran mosakayikira, wapadera adzadziwire ake. Ndipo zimasiyanitsa ena a ku Asia. Republic of likulu - mzinda wa Tehran. Izi ndi mzinda waukulu, umene uli mmodzi wa waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse.

Iran - wapadera dziko ndi zokopa ambiri, zipilala za chikhalidwe ndi njira zawo mbali moyo. The Republic ali 10% ya zitsime zamafuta dziko. Ndi kuyamika minda yawo mafuta ndi pamwamba Waogula Zinthu Kunja khumi la gwero zachilengedwezi.

Persia - kodi dziko tsopano? Kwambiri chipembedzo. yosindikiza ake makina lofalitsidwa ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabuku a Koran Woyera, kuposa mayiko ena onse Muslim.

Pambuyo ulimi Chisilamu, Republic wakhala akutsogolera kwa kulemba konsekonse. Development wa maphunziro apa mofulumira.