Petersburg Academy of Tirhana: mbiri, oyambitsa, maphunziro

Ulemerero wa mmodzi wa St. Petersburg embankments ndi nyumba, amene inkatetezedwa ndi awiri zina masinfikisi, anabweretsa kamodzi ochokera kudziko lakutali Egypt. Mu izo aikidwa Petersburg Academy of Tirhana, wotchedwa lero ndi Institute of Painting, Chithunzi ndi Zomangamanga. Amaona kuti kunayambira luso Russian, ali ndi mbiri kwambiri padziko lonse.

Kubadwa kwa Academy

Academy of Wabwino Tirhana ku St. Petersburg linakhazikitsidwa ndi ndiwotani wa Mfumukazi Elizabeth, munthu wotchuka kwambiri Russian States ndi woyang'anira wa XVIII m'ma Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov (1727-1797). Photo Kufotokoza kugwira chake nkhaniyi. Iye ankaona kuti chosowa nthawi zonse, gulu la anthu amene amayesa kugwiritsa ntchito malo ake okwezeka ndi kulemera phindu la Russia. Kukhala mu 1755 tate wa University Moscow, atavala masiku ano dzina University, patapita zaka ziwiri, ndipo ankawathandiza kuti alenge bungwe maphunziro inakonzedwa n'cholinga chothandiza ojambula zithunzi zaluso ambiri.

Petersburg Academy of Tirhana, limene lili poyamba m'nyumba yake pa Sadovaya Street, anayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1758. Ambiri a ndalama zilipo kwa ndalama munthu Shuvalov monga chuma zili ake osakwanira kuchuluka wakhala allocated. A wofuna kuthandiza wopatsa, osati kwa ndalama analamula akunja, aphunzitsi abwino, komanso anapereka Academy analenga mndandanda wa zojambula wake, kuika Choncho chiyambi cha chilengedwe cha m'nyumbayi ndi laibulale.

The rector loyamba la Academy

Kuyambira m'nyengo yoyambirira ya opaleshoni Academy of Tirhana, komanso kumanga nyumba yake panopa kugwirizana ndi dzina la munthu wina amene anasiya chizindikiro yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chikhalidwe Russian. Ichi ndi chabwino Russian wamanga Alexander Filippovich Kokorinov (1726-1772). Yopangidwa molumikizana ndi Professor JB Vallenom M. de A La Mothe ntchito yomanga, imene Academy anasamuka Nyumbayi Shuvalov, iye anamutengera iye mu udindo wa woyang'anira, ndiye pulofesa ndi rector. Mavuto a imfa yake wafunsira imodzi mwa nthano zambiri St. Petersburg, linkadziwika kuti "Phantom wa Academy of Wabwino Tirhana." chakuti kafukufuku wa Rector kupulumuka kwa Academy, anafa osati chifukwa cha matenda madzi, mogwirizana ndi mbiri yamoyo boma, ndi kupachikidwa m'chipinda chapamwamba ake.

zimayambitsa zotheka kudzipha amatchedwa awiri. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, chifukwa panali unsubstantiated mlandu embezzling chuma boma akumeneko, kuti ndi ziphuphu. Chifukwa m'masiku awo ankaona kwambiri manyazi ndi, ndipo ndilibe mlandu Alexander Filippovich analephera, iye anasankha kufa. Mu buku lina la kutsogolera kwa sitepe anatumikira izi tsutsa anapatsidwa ndi Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri, anapita nyumba ya sukulu ndi kupeza zovala moipa mwatsopano utoto khoma. Popeza ndiye limanena kuti kudzipha shawa popanda wogoneka Vyshny dziko, wathedwa muyaya kuyendayenda analenga kamodzi makoma. chithunzi cha kwake nkhaniyi.

Akazi m'gulu mbiri Academy a

Mu nyengo Catherine yoyamba mkazi academician wa Petersburg Academy of Tirhana. Iye anadzakhala wophunzira wa French ziboliboli Etena Falkone - Marie-Anna Kollo, analenga pamodzi ndi mphunzitsi wake, wotchuka "Mkuwa pamahatchi". Zinali iye amene anachita mutu wa mfumu, amene anakhala zithunzi yabwino sculptural.

Akutama ntchito yake Mfumukazi analamula kuti asankhe Collot moyo penshioni ndipo musankhe udindo ngati mkulu. Pakali pano, limodzi ndi ofufuza masiku ano za maganizo, zosiyana kwa Baibulo okhazikika Marie-Anna Kollo - mkazi academician wa Petersburg Academy of Tirhana, ndi woyambitsa wa osati mutu, "The Mkuwa pamahatchi", koma chithunzi lonse la mfumu, pamene mphunzitsi wake chosema kavalo. Komabe, sikuti mbiri phindu lake.

Mu m'kupita, tisaiwale kuti mkulu ndi aulemu mutu amazipeza Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII, wojambula wina, amene anabwera kuchokera ku France ndi imodzi yabwino chithunzi amisiri nthawi yake - Vigee Lebrun. Academician wa Petersburg Academy of Tirhana - mutu, umene linapereka yekha kuti amaliza maphunziro. Lebrun ndinalandira chimodzimodzi chachikulu mutu wa mnzako aulemu a Freestyle, amene anapatsidwa nthawi ojambula zithunzi otchuka amene anaphunzira kunja.

Dongosolo la maphunziro analandira m'zaka XVIII

Petersburg Academy of Tirhana kuyambira penipeni zatenganso mbali yaikulu pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Russian. Za kuti, kuopsa anaikidwa mu ntchito yake mwina zimasonyeza kuti pa zaka za m'ma XVIII, maphunziro kwa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ophunzirawo bwino anatumizidwa ndalama zaboma kuphunzira ntchito mukadali pasukulu ina kunja. Pakati pa nkhani ya luso, anaphunzira ku sukulu anali kujambula zojambula, zosemasema ndi zomangamanga.

Njira yonse ya kafukufuku, amene amathandiza ophunzira ake ndi Academy of Tirhana, anali magulu asanu, kapena zigawo, amene wachinayi ndi wachisanu anali wotsikitsitsa ndi ankatchedwa sukulu yophunzitsa. Iwo anatenga anyamata amene afika zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi zakubadwa, kumene kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kuphunzira kusekondale, chinkhoswe mu zodzikongoletsera kupenta ndi kukopera zithunzi wokonzeka. Aliyense wa awa awiri maphunziro kwa zaka zitatu sukulu. Choncho, ndithudi sukulu yophunzitsa inatenga zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Ndime ku wacitatu woyamba apamwamba, iwo ankatengedwa zoona, Academy of Tirhana. Iwo ali ophunzira, kale ophunzitsidwa monga gulu, magulu malinga ndi tsogolo specialization - kupenta, chosema, zosemasema kapena ya zomangamanga. Aliyense wa zigawo zitatu apamwamba anaphunzira kwa zaka zitatu, chifukwa mwachindunji mu maphunziro Academy inatenga zaka zisanu ndi zinayi, ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi anakhala mu sukulu yophunzitsa, izo zinali zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Only kwambiri kenako, m'zaka za m'ma XIX, pambuyo 1843 anatseka sukulu yophunzitsa, nthawi maphunziro ndi kwambiri utachepa.

amalanga ena

Academy of Wabwino Tirhana ku St. Petersburg, pa chitsanzo cha ofanana mabungwe European anawombola kwa mpanda wake osati mwaukadaulo ophunzitsidwa akatswiri zosiyanasiyana luso, koma anthu komanso ambiri ophunzira. Kuwonjezera pa khalidwe lofunika kwambiri maphunziro m'gulu zilankhulo, mbiri, madera, nthano ngakhalenso zakuthambo.

M'zaka latsopano

Petersburg Academy of Tirhana m'zaka 19 muli chitukuko zina. Amene anatsogolera Russian ake olemera woyang'anira Werengerani dzina lake Aleksandr Sergeevich Stroganov unachitikira angapo kusintha zinachititsa kuti kubwezeretsedwa zinalengedwa ndi makalasi Mendulo, komanso zinthu zina amaloŵa kuphunzira mpanda wolimba. An siteji zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa Academy nyengo anali woyamba wa kutengerapo ake ku Unduna wa Maphunziro National, ndiyeno - Utumiki wa Imperial Court. Zimenezi kwathandiza kwambiri kuti ndipeze ndalama zina ndipo analola omaliza kwambiri kupita kudziko lina.

Mu mphamvu ya classicism

Pafupifupi mu XIX m'ma yekha luso kalembedwe, anazindikira mwa sukulu, anali Classicism. Pa zinthu chiphunzitso nthawi kuti ankatsatira kwambiri otchedwa utsogoleri wolowezana wa Mitundu - amawatenga wa Paris Academy of Wabwino Tirhana a dongosolo la gulu la Mitundu zaluso chabwino monga kufunika kwake, chachikulu chimene amaona chithunzi mbiri. Mfundo imeneyi analipo mpaka cha m'ma XIX.

Mnjira imeneyi, ophunzira anali kujambula nkhani otengedwa Lemba kapena ku ntchito za olemba wakale - .. Homer, Ovidi, Theocritus, etc. Old Russian mutu mpata, koma pa nkhani ya mbiri Lomonosov ndi Shcherbatov ndi ndipo Synopsys - Kutolere ntchito ndi olemba akale. Chifukwa cha classicism, amene analalikira St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Tirhana, zivute zitani okha zilandiridwenso ophunzira, kukakamiza mu malo yopapatiza cha mbalume imene yatsala.

Ojambula zithunzi opandukawo ulemerero Russian luso

Kumasulidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera malamulo okhazikika anayamba ndi mfundo yakuti mu November 1863, 14 ophunzira kwambiri luso m'gulu chiwerengero cha ophunzira mu mpikisano n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi, anakana kujambula iwo pa malo opatsidwa nthano Norse aziwapatsa ufulu wosankha nkhaniyi. Popeza iwo anali anakana, iwo demonstratively anasiya sukulu, bungwe madera, omwe anakhala maziko a ina yotchuka Association of oyendayenda Art zisudzo. chochitika anapita mu mbiri ya luso Russian monga kupanduka kwa khumi ndi zinayi.

Alumni ndi academicians wa St. Petersburg Academy of Tirhana anali ngati amisiri wotchuka ngati MA Vrubel, V. A. Serov, V. I. Surikov, VD Polenov, VM Vasnetsov, ndi ena ambiri. Mu mpweya chimodzimodzi ndi iwo ayeneranso anatchula gulu la aphunzitsi apamwamba pakati pawo V. E. Makovsky, I. I. Shishkin, A. I. Kuindzhi ndi I. E. Repin.

Academy mu XX atumwi

Petersburg Academy of Tirhana anapitiriza ntchito yake mpaka October 1917 zokhumba d'état. M'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo Bolsheviks anabwera chisankho mphamvu ya CPC izo linathetsedwa, ndipo maziko ake anakhazikitsako ndi nthawi kusintha mayina awo ku sukulu zosiyanasiyana luso, cholinga kukonzekera ambuye latsopano luso zokomera. Mu 1944, anawaika mu mpanda wa Institute of Painting, Chithunzi ndi Zomangamanga unatchedwa I. E. Repina, amene amavala lero. Okha amene anayambitsa Academy of Tirhana - Chamberlain ya mfumu Court I. I. Shuvalov ndi chabwino Russian wamanga A. F. Kokorinov, mpaka kalekale analowa mbiri ya luso Russian.