Phrenology - ndi chiyani ichi? Kuti amasanthula sayansi ya phrenology?

Sayansi yamakono ndi zotsatira za chitukuko mofulumira lingaliro la sayansi m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu-chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Pamene njira sayansi zambiri zochitika anali atangoyamba kumene kupanga, ndi asayansi analenga ambiri m'madera amene wotchuka kwambiri, koma kenako zonama. A nkhani zofanana akhoza kundiuza phrenology. nthambi ili la sayansi kamodzi anagonjetsa pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi, koma wataya kufunika kwake chifukwa cha chitukuko cha kuwerenga maganizo ndi neurophysiology. Ngakhale madera awa a sayansi ya phrenology utatsalirabe tirigu zomveka.

Phrenology - sayansi kapena pseudoscience?

Mu malo ambiri sayansi formulations osiyana chagwiritsidwa pa kutchulidwa kwa phrenology. Akatswiri ena motsimikiza kuti phrenology - ndi zoyerekeza-sayansi, koma ena amaona kuti adakali sayansi, zimene zinabweretsa kwambiri anthu atulukira nawo asayansi amakono. Mgwirizano pakati pa anthu padziko lonse, mwatsoka, palibe. Choncho, m'nkhani ino tikambirana phrenology sayansi. Koma kumbukirani kuti pa nthawi ino si kuonedwa kuti ndi yofunika ndi kutsimikizira chiphunzitso.

Phrenology - sayansi ya kapangidwe ka chigaza ndi ubale wake ndi makhalidwe maganizo a munthu. Chiphunzitsochi anali wotchuka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndipo anali otsatira padziko lonse. M'mayiko ambiri, ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, chakudya waukulu phrenology ntchito pa ntchito sayansi asayansi kwambiri omveka dziko.

The chakudya waukulu phrenology: mwachidule za zazikulu

Maziko a sayansi anali maganizo oti mu ubongo wa munthu aliyense dipatimenti ndi udindo ntchito yeniyeni maganizo. The kwambiri anayamba dipatimenti makamaka kwambiri noticeable chigaza. Iye akhapidziwa kuti protuberances pa chigaza ndi khalidwe makamaka olemera mbali zina za oziziritsa kotekisi ndi maganizo amasonyeza underdevelopment m'madi- payekha.

Guulu la phrenology ankakhulupirira kuti yaikidwa pa lingaliro makhalidwe maganizo a munthu sizingasinthidwe mchikakamizo cha zinthu chikhalidwe kumene anakulira. Ndipo amene amadza yaitali akanakhoza kukhala nalo amadza pa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi kuwerenga maganizo a munthu, koma angayambe mibadwo chabe. Mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi anali kukonza pang'ono chakudya yaikulu ya phrenology, omwe anakhala waukulu postulates sayansi, ntchito ndi onse otsatira a sayansi:

• ubongo wa ziwalo za chikumbumtima;
• ndi kotekisi oziziritsa wapangidwa ndi zigawo twente-seveni, zomwe paokha wina ndi mzake;
• zina ubongo angathe kukhala zokha, chotero kuwonjezera mphamvu zake kwathunthu;
• yogwira kukula kwa mbali kumawonjezera kukula awo;
• kuyeza chigaza cha munthu, tikhoza molondola kusonyeza chitukuko ndi kukula kwa malo munthu wa kotekisi oziziritsa;
• pamaziko a deta muyeso anganeneretu kuti khalidwe la munthu ndi kuwulula mumtima wake.

Kuti zafotokozedwa pamwambapa anapanga maziko a pofuna kukwaniritsa phrenology.

Prerequisites kwa zikamera wa sayansi

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu Europe anali wotchuka kwambiri physiognomy. Malinga ndizosowa ake, mbali zonse za khalidwe la munthu akhoza kuzindikiridwa ndi kapangidwe ka nkhope yake. Asayansi ambiri kwambiri chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha sayansi ndipo anabweretsa lalikulu umboni m'munsi akuthandiza maziko ake. Physiognomy ndinkalephera mu mabwalo Kumwambamwamba, ndi ankaona kuti ndi azimuth latsopano, kuwulula zinsinsi za kuwerenga maganizo a anthu. olemba mbiri amakono ndikukhulupirira kuti izo zinali kokha kufunika anthu sayansi kufotokoza peculiarities wa zamaganizo. chakuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, anthu ambiri kusuntha kuchoka chiphunzitso cha chipembedzo, ndipo anachita chidwi chachikulu chophunzira wa munthu monga munthu. N'zosadabwitsa kuya kwa chikumbumtima anthu anapereka chinachake unexplored mawu a sayansi.

Komanso nthawi ino ndi zamaganizo American kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso kuti perpetrators onse nkhanza koipa atakumanapo misala mogwirizana ndi kulephera mbali munthu ubongo. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, pa nthawi ya upandu mbali ya ubongo imene agwira ntchito paokha, anayamba "osokonezeka" ndi mzake ndi kuyambitsa matenda opha ziwalo, zikubweretsa upandu.

mfundo zonse pamwamba anali maziko, limene inachokera phrenology. Izi sayansi, tsopano physiognomy, wakhala akufunafuna mwakhama otukuka. M'tsogolo yakhala kwaiye kwambiri mumaganiza latsopano ndi kupeza maganizo chosintha sayansi. Anayambitsa phrenology pafupifupi mapeto a moyo wake kuteteza maganizo akewo. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, iye anapatsa mutu wake sayansi anayambitsa monga otsiriza ndi umboni waukulu koposa chogwirika cha Baibulo sayansi, amene anathandiza mu mayiko onse a dziko lapansi.

Yemwe adalenga chiphunzitso cha phrenology?

Nthawi zambiri, sayansi yatsopano ukuonekera monga ntchito anzake a maganizo angapo asayansi. Koma wathu izo zinachitika kwathunthu mosiyana. Phrenology ndi mlengi wa ku Austria wasayansi Franz ndulu. Iye anali dokotala kwambiri ndi anatomist, ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu a kudziwa kuti kutsimikizira chiphunzitso chake. Nthawi yoyamba Ankakamba nkhani ku Vienna, kenako ndulu mobwerezabwereza lectured pa phrenology lonse ndipo lofalitsidwa mapepala ambiri sayansi pa nkhaniyi.

Franz ndulu: yochepa yonena

Wotchuka wasayansi anabadwa mu Vienna pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu. Ambiri a m'nthawi yake ankaona kuti iye ndi dokotala waluntha, iye anali makasitomala omwe ankabwera wake komanso movutikira. Koma koposa zonse chidwi ndi thunthu la ndulu ndi mbali ya psyche anthu, m'mawu kapangidwe a Chigaza lapansi.

Iye limodzi ndi ntchito yake ya udokotala mwakhama kuphunzira Kapangidwe ka zigaza za nyama ndi anthu. Mu zaka zingapo ndulu anasonkhanitsa gulu ndithu zigaza ndipo amatulutsa, zomwe zinamuthandiza kuti kulenga ena maziko a sayansi phrenology.

Kutchuka kwa nkhani yake mu Vienna, Austria yokakamiza boma nkhawa. Pambuyo phrenology m'gulu anakana mphamvu Mulungu, limene Mzimuyo khalidwe la munthu ndi luso. Izi zikusiyana ndi chiphunzitso zonse zampingo, kotero wasayansi anachotsedwa Austria. Koma zimenezi si a ndulu kupereka chiphunzitso sayansi, anapita ku mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya ndi kwina anali zinalandira mokondwera ndi asayansi. Motalikitsa iye anakhala mu France. Panthawi imeneyi, ndulu anamasulidwa mabuku anayi a ntchito sayansi pa phrenology. Scientist anafa 1828 ya kukha mwazi kwa muubongo.

chitukuko cha phrenology

Monga ndulu ankanena choyamba anayamba kuganiza za ubwenzi wa chitukuko ubongo ndi kapangidwe a Chigaza pa kusukulu. Kenako anaona kuti anzake ndi maso aakulu oumbidwa, ndi kukumbukira. Kenako iye kusanthula anthu mazana angapo ndipo anagawira matalente anthu ndi mbali mbali zosiyanasiyana za ubongo. Poyamba ndulu anasankha magulu twente-seveni ubongo, ndipo ngakhale zinawachititsa mapu, m'tsogolo chiwerengero chinawonjezeka ndi makumi asanu ndi anayi.

Gallo anathandiza achinyamata dokotala Shpurtsgeym, amene anakhala Co-Mlembi wa ntchito zoyamba za sayansi wasayansi lapansi. madokotala ambiri ndulu mlandu wa chinyengo, monga pophunzitsa wake, anatchula zitsanzo zimene anatsimikizira maganizo akewo. mfundo zina wasayansi chabe sanadziwe ndipo amaona zonyozeka. Ngakhale anapeza zokwanira kwa zaka zambiri.

Ngakhale otsutsa, phrenology zinatchuka mu UK, US ndi Europe. Gallo anaonekera otsatira ambiri kupitiriza ntchito ya sayansi mpaka cha m'ma lomaliza.

likamalowa phrenology

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ndi mmasate wa phrenology atumwi wotsiriza mwachangu m'Malemba mwasayansi. Aliyense ankaona kuti ndi udindo wanga kulimbikitsa chitukuko Choncho, anatuluka kwambiri mabuku ndi ntchito sayansi pa phrenology mu nthawi ino.

Mu zaka wotsatira, asayansi massively atchukitsa sayansi, akuyesera kuti akope mbali ambili. Mwachitsanzo phrenology, maphunziro ubongo, anauzira asayansi ambiri ntchito pa nkhani imeneyi. Koma ena a iwo anabwera ndi zotsatira zosiyana kwathunthu, ndipo anayamba kuchita ndi kukhudzana sayansi potchula mfundo yatsopano, mfundo ndi ziphunzitso. Phrenology zonse alipo Anthropology, maganizo, maganizo azamalamulo ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. Potsilizira pake pseudoscience anakhala kutsogolera kwa chitukuko cha minda onsewa sayansi, m'manda pafupifupi ntchito ya ndulu.

Phrenology udindo mu sayansi yamakono azamalamulo

Dziwani kuti phrenology mu milandu loyamba anayamba kuphunzira khalidwe chigawenga ndipo anafuna kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha upandu wonse. asayansi amakono ndi geneticists anali wakhazikitsidwa pa chiphunzitso atapereka ndi phrenology, kuti khalidwe chigawenga kumagwirizana ndi zopindika ubongo. Ndipo atalenga phrenologists gulu khalidwe la zigawenga. Pafupifupi onse a iwo ankakhulupirira kuti anthu kuyenda pa milandu imene wodwala. Komanso, azamisala ano anatsimikizira kuti panthawi mimba anthu propensity osiyana chiwawa ndi mokwiya.

Onse mfundo izi achita patsogolo koyamba Halle, ndipo m'masiku amenewo ankaziona ngati wosangalatsa.

Phrenology chikoka pa mapangidwe zamaganizo sayansi

Phrenology mu kuwerenga maganizo wakhala jenereta maganizo ambiri chosintha. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mulibe unatha, ndi chabe lidzasinthidwa sayansi latsopano. Mu si zoona, koma phrenologists ziphunzitso kuti ndi mphamvu amazipanga kwambiri chitukuko cha kuwerenga maganizo.

Baibulo loyamba unayambitsidwa ndi kuti maganizo kupsyinjika munthu angakhale zifukwa thupi. Ndipo chifukwa cha ichi iwo akhoza kuchiritsidwa. Komanso nkhani phrenologists kuphunzira kuzindikira kuti m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi sakanakhoza kukhala bwino anafotokoza. Ambiri odziwika azamisala American zaka mazana makumi awiri anali kamodzi phrenology. Zimenezi limasonyeza.

Chilamulo Europe: a njira ya phrenology

Pseudoscience wakhala anatha kukhala kutsogolera kwa kuunikanso malamulo ambiri mu Europe. Mwachitsanzo, mu ulemu wa olakwa wadwala matenda okhudza ubongo ndi sankalandiranso chilango monga anthu wamba. Iwo anayamba kutumizidwa ku mabungwe wapadera njira ya chithandizo. Chifukwa phrenology adanyamuka pa anthu, kulimbikitsa chiyembekezo chakuti ya chilango cha imfa m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku United States.

Mu yomweyi, m'mayiko ambiri boma kusonyeza pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiwerengero cha malamulo malamulo a ufulu wa akaidi komanso mabungwe ndende powapatsa malamulo ulamuliro.

Pomaliza

Mwina phrenology asakhale ndi sayansi, koma iye anatha kusintha kwathunthu dziko ndipo analenga preconditions pa chitukuko cha mafunde ambiri latsopano la sayansi lomwe kenako anawomba nsalu kuchokera mu sayansi palokha. Sizikudziwika kodi tsopano kukhala asayansi, ngati si kufuna kudziwa malingaliro Frantsa Gallya, amene sanaope kukhala woyambitsa wa chosintha ndi wapadera kwathunthu mafunde sayansi.