Pithecanthropus - izo ... The amanena za chiyambi anthu

Zakachikwi kuposa wina, asayansi ndi anzeru ndi kukangana chinsinsi cha chiyambi anthu. Kungolota, kungoganizira, chiphunzitso. Koma pali umboni watsopano insolvency chimodzi kapena mfundo ina, choncho palibe mfundo pa mfundo imeneyi osati kutsimikiziridwa.

Chiphunzitso ambiri chiyambi anthu

1. chiphunzitso achipembedzo. Ndi akale kwambiri. Gululi ganizo limeneli amaganiza za zauzimu, maonekedwe Mulungu padziko lapansi.
2. Cosmogony. Cosmogonists amati chiyambi cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe dziko, kotero kuti anthu patsogolo mu kugwa kwa zakuthambo Zafalikira dziko. Mwanjira imeneyi, akukhulupirira kuti padziko lapansi - kuyesera munthu.
3. Natural, magwero lapansi. Woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso chimenechi - ndi zachilengedwe Charles Darwin, amene atapereka maganizo oti munthu wotsikayo kuchokera anyani mu mchitidwe wa chisinthiko. Moyo ndi onse pa dziko posapita nthawi kusintha (azolowere zinthu zakunja) chifukwa cha kusankha zamoyo, imene imakhudza kuphimba kunja zamoyo ofooka ndi kupulumuka kwambiri. ana awo majini opatsirana nkhani kusinthasintha, chifukwa mu mitundu kusintha.

Kukula kwa zasokoneza

Otsatira za chiphunzitso chimenechi, chotchedwa "chakale Darwin", timakonda kukhulupirira nyani chifukwa cha kusankha zamoyo zinasintha pang'onopang'ono kwa gawo apamwamba chitukuko.

Anapitiriza kukhala chiphunzitso cha Darwin cha m'ma 19, ndi German wasayansi Ernst Haeckel, amene akufuna kuti kamodzi panali siteji wapakatikati chitukuko pakati pa nyani ndi munthu, nampatsa dzina la nyama - Pithecanthropus, latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Latin - "nyani". Kodi chidwi, wasayansi theoretically kulongosoledwa kokha mtundu uwu. Ndipotu, malasha wapeza kuwagwiritsa ntchito sanali. Haeckel adati, pamene iye akanakhoza kukhala Pithecanthropus - gawo ili kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa Asia.

Umboni wa Darwin

M'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa, amanena linatsimikizidwa ndi kafukufuku Dutch Ezhenom Dyubua amene anapeza mabwinja anatchulidwa kukhala pachilumba cha Java. Akatswiri Kenako apeza umboni watsopano wa chiphunzitso - mu zofukulidwa m'ma 20 kunachitika bwinobwino Africa, ndi kuwonjezera zotsalira za nkhwere munthu anapezeka zipangizo zake mwala.

Mu 1927, pafupi Beijing (China) zokwiriridwa apeza zinthu zochititsa chidwi kufufuza - zotsalira za anthu 40 (amuna, akazi ndi ana). Morphologically iwo alibe amasiyana Pithecanthropus, motero, anali chifukwa subspecies izi, koma chikhalidwe (a zosiyanasiyana zipangizo), mtundu wa nyani ena zamphamvu panjira anthu amakono. Pithecanthropus - wachibale wa anthu awa, amene anakhalako kale. Malinga mabwinja anapeza, asayansi anapereka dzina alili la - Peking Man (Chinese nyani-amuna).

kafukufuku wamakono

Panopa, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti makolo mwachindunji kwa anthu ali woyamba kwambiri - nyani ngati nyama, anaika maziko a chitukuko cha parapithecus.

Parapithecus - nyani anthu amene anaonekera zaka 35 miliyoni zapitazo. Awa anali nyama ankakhala mitengo, amene chinali chiyambi cha chitukuko anthu pa dzanja limodzi, ndi pa zina - mitundu yamakono ya anyani: gibbons, orangutans.

Driopithecus anaonekera zaka 18 miliyoni zapitazo. Nyama amakhala mitengo ndi pansi. Iwo anakhala makolo a anyani ano, anyani ndi Australopithecus akale.

Magwero a Homo habilis

Australopithecus - ndi subspecies wa anyani amene ankakhala 5 miliyoni zapitazo, mitembo yawo apezeka Africa, m'madera treeless. Iwo anali miyendo inayi akusuntha mu theka akuyesetsa malo miyendo iwiri yakumbuyo. Growth iwo akhoza kufika 150 masentimita; kulemera - 50 kg. Free australopithecines forelimbs anatha ntchito kusaka njira (chitetezo) - nkhuni, miyala. Australopithecus - izo ploto- ndi zamiyendo Inayi nyani-amuna, anali m'magulu nkhosa ndi mtundu wawo. Malinga ndi ena mfundo, amene panali siteji yotsatira ya zamoyo zinachita unyolo - Homo habilis.

Homo habilis anaonekera za miliyoni 2-3 zaka zapitazo. Kapangidwe thupi pafupifupi munthu wosiyana makolo ake mwamsanga - Australopithecus, koma aphunzira ntchito ndi zinthu achikale. Homo habilis anayambitsa Pithecanthropus.

Homo erectus ndi Homo sapiens

Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus - subspecies ziwiri za thupi mtundu womwewo, Homo erectus. Kuweruza ndi mafupa, asayansi anazindikira kuti anali kufanana kwambiri Australopithecus kuposa mwamuna. kukula anafika masentimita 160, ubongo buku - kuchokera 700 mpaka 1200 kiyubiki mamita. Mwaona, iwo ankayenera lalikulu pamwamba zitunda osati yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda chibwano, cheekbones lonse. Tinkakhala miliyoni 2 - zaka 200,000 zapitazo, m'magulumagulu ndi mtundu wawo mokhala - mapanga. Amadziwa kumanga zitsanzo chipangizo kwambiri zipangizo, osati Homo habilis. Akukhulupirira kuti Pithecanthropus - ichi nyani-amuna, kale luso articulation. nyama, amene amadziwa kuphika ndi moto, anaphunzira kuteteza, pogona kwa nyengo yoipa, kukuza osiyanasiyana awo, kuopa kuti moyo wake.

Akalewa - siteji yotsatira chitukuko, analipo m'nthawi glacial (250,000 - 35,000 zaka zapitazo). Travo- ndi carnivores anatha kawetedwe ndi kusunga moto, zosiyanasiyana zipangizo (mipeni, choppers, scrapers), anaphunzira maudindo kwa ntchito yabwino kwambiri (amuna anali alenje, akazi - butchering mitembo, kusonkhanitsa mizu edible, zomera).

Cro-Magnons n'kuyamba mu unyolo zinachokera akalewa, iwo anali mamembala oyambilila a sapiens mitundu Homo. Ankakhala 50 000 - 40 000 zaka zapitazo. Izi anthropologically ubwenzi ndi anthu masiku ano anthu. kukula akafuna masentimita 180, voliyumu ya ubongo -. 1400 CC, munthuyo anali chipumi, lalikulu pamwamba zitunda kwina (monga akalambula ake). Cro-Magnons anatha momveka bwino, umboni ndi chibwano otchuka, anamanga m'misasa, adasoka mabotolo kubala zida zovuta (fupa, mwala, pakachitsulo), anatha azikongoletsa iwo. Anasonyeza chidwi ndi chipembedzo ndi luso.

Tsopano chiphunzitso zinachokera chiyambi cha munthu ambiri ndipo ali ndi dzina wapadera - anthropogenesis.