Population - ndi ... Chiwerengero. The zikuchokera anthu

World anthu chipembedzo uliwonse chaka. M'madera ena, ndi yokonzedweratu stagnation ndipo ngakhale kuchepa chiwerengero cha kuchuluka zachilengedwe, ena anthu akuchuluka mofulumira ndipo ngakhale kukakamizidwa kuchepetsa chonde kudzera malamulo. zikwi zapitazo anthu dziko kunaganiziridwa Mamiliyoni a anthu, lero ife tiri mabiliyoni ambiri. Asayansi ena nkhawa, olimbika pa kuchulukana, pamene ena amakhulupirira ndi masoka njira kumalamuliridwa ndi chikhalidwe.

Zochita za chiphunzitso cha

Population - m'ndandanda wa anthu amoyo mwa malo ena zochepa kapena madera a boma. Pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo zina, mukhoza wodzipatula gulu la nzika za khalidwe linalake kapena mzinda, kontinenti makamaka kapena mmodzi wa mafuko okhala pa dziko.

Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "anthu" angatanthauze ukukhudza dziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a dzikoli, limene lidzakhala m'gulu mwamtheradi anthu onse okhala padziko lapansi. amalanga ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe a anthu a magulu pochita kafukufuku wawo. Chief sayansi kuphunzira mfundo adakali chiwerengero kuphunzira Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zizindikiro, anthu chitsanzo, chiŵerengero cha anthu akumidzi ndi m'mizinda, ndi zina zotero.

gulu

Chiwerengero - ndi olakwika akuti. Anthu a dziko adzakhala anthu amene ali nzika, komanso anthu mongoyembekezera wokhala m'gawo lake. Ngakhale mkati mwa mkhalidwe womwewo umene anthu nthawi kusintha mzinda okhala, zisiyeni izo kunja.

Ngati kalembera wa makamaka anakhazikitsa ngati munthu amakhala mu mzinda kapena dera kumidzi kalekale kapena mongoyembekezera ili apa. Kuti kuphunzira zimapezeka bwino, zolongosoka, ndi chonse cha anthu anapangidwa kwa gawanikani m'magulu awa:

• okhazikika;
• ndalama;
• malamulo.

Gulu okhazikika amaphatikizapo anthu okhala m'dera kuphunzira, mosasamala kumene iwo ali mu mphindi, amapanga anthu zazikulu m'matauni kapena midzi. Kwa gulu ili amakhala ndi muyezo nthawi imene anatsimikiza ngati n'zotheka kusanja akusowa m'dera limeneli kapena ayi. Monga ulamuliro, tikulankhula za miyezi ingapo: mu Soviet Union anthu m'gulu la anthu malo ena, ngati kulibe sanakhalitse miyezi yoposa 6. Malamulo m'boma (kulembetsa) akudikira kudera makamaka.

Makhalidwe zaziwerengero alionse

Ntundu maphunziro anthu. Izi sayansi chidwi zoyenera kuphunzira makhalidwe ake, mphamvu kukula kapena njira chidule kuyenda. The chida chachikulu ndi kalembera ntundu wa anthu, komanso maphunziro mlandu umalimbana akudzizindikiritsa makhalidwe zaziwerengero. Ndiyamika sayansi ndi chilipo deta pa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, komanso makhalidwe zaka zake, chamunthu m'banja ndi zina zotero.

Movement wa anthu m'dzikoli chikhoza kukhala zachilengedwe, makina ndi chikhalidwe. Mu zachibadwa kumvetsa munthu alili - ukwati, kapena, pa mitengo mwake, chilekano, kubadwa ndi imfa. Mawotchi kayendedwe, amene ali woti anthu - ndi njira za kusamuka, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu m'madera ena, mayiko ndi mizinda. gulu limeneli akhoza kukhala nyengo, pamene anthu kuti mupumule m'chilimwe kapena M'malo mwake, kusiya paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi pa kutha. kayendedwe Social Mzimuyo kayendedwe ka munthu wina gulu chikhalidwe ndi mzake.

muyezo china chofunika - gulu m'magulu a anthu. Otchedwa stratification chikhalidwe wakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri kupanga anthu m'dzikoli nthawi zonse. Pachikhalidwe, makalasi lalikulu asapatsiridwe, ntchito, zasekondale ndi ukachenjede. Kwa zaka zambiri, iwo angatchedwe m'njira zosiyanasiyana: .. The bourgeoisie, ndi apamwamba ntchito, atsogoleri, etc. Komabe, chizindikiro kiyi kudziwa kudzipereka munthu m'kalasimo ina, anali chuma chawo wake, ndalama ndiponso ntchito.

resettlement wa anthu

Muyezo waukulu gulu la anthu pa dziko ndi kugawikana mu m'tawuni ndi kumidzi, komanso kupezeka kwa anthu a malo osiyana anthu: m'midzi ing'onoing'ono, midzi, mizinda. Vuto lalikulu mu kuphunzira kwa lingaliro ili ndi mkulu wa kusamuka kwa anthu ku dera wina ndi mzake: Mwachitsanzo, ntchito kapena kuphunzira.

Ndi gulu la anthu ku kusiyana m'midzi ndi m'matauni ndi ofanana ndi ntchito za mafakitale ndi Chotsimikizika ndi ulimi. Panopa, kachitidwe lonse kwa mizinda ya anthu, ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala m'mizinda yambiri ikuchitika chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa anthu a m'midzi. Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu a m'midzi limasonyeza yopanga ndi chitukuko cha makampani a dziko, kusonyeza chikhalidwe chake mkulu ndi maphunziro.

anthu World

Pakali pano, dziko oposa biliyoni 7 anthu. The kulumpha lalikulu kuchuluka kwa anthu m'mbiri ya kukhalapo kwa Dziko Lapansi unagwa pa m'ma XX: Ngati panali pafupifupi biliyoni 1.6 anthu mu magawo koyamba ndi kutha kwa chithunzi ichi kuposa biliyoni 6.

Pakali pano, kukula mofulumira anthu anaima, kuyembekezeredwa kuti mu zaka 40 anthu mdziko adzakhala upambana anthu biliyoni 9. Kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha nzika ndi nkhawa pakati pa anthu akatswiri: pali kuthekera yaikulu kuti posachedwapa dziko adzakhala pafupifupi palibe malo ndi chikhalidwe n'komwe. Atsogoleri anthu ndi China, India, USA, Indonesia ndi Brazil.

Chiwerengero cha Russia

Mu mndandanda wa mayiko ndi chiwerengero cha anthu amene akukhala nawo, dziko lathu tithe chinayi ndi chithunzi cha anthu mamiliyoni 143. Ambiri mwa nzika isanafalikire mu gawo European. Mu 20 ntchentche za m'ma XX anthu a dziko anatsika ndi anthu 2 miliyoni, ngakhale kuti kukula chilengedwe cha anthu chifukwa cha mlingo kubadwa zinali za 5 miliyoni. Choncho, pa kuukira boma ndi First World nkhondo dziko anataya anthu osachepera 7 miliyoni.

Zitachitika zinthu zimenezi zoopsa, pakhala kukula mofulumira anthu. Ngati mu 1920, anthu a za 90 miliyoni mu Russia, ndiye mu zaka 30 chiwerengero chake kuposa 100 miliyoni The zikuchokera anthu ndi variegated kwambiri ndi m'zigawozigawo :. Nawa oimira 140 osiyana mitundu, Russian anthu ndi pafupifupi 80% ya chonse cha anthu.