Prague - likulu la Czech Republic. History, Prague zokopa

Ancient ndi zachinsinsi, wapadera ndi wokongola, Golden Prague - likulu la Czech Republic. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri izo wakula ndipo anayamba pa mphambano ya njira zamalonda. chikuoneka akhoza kuona mbiri yonse ya zomangamanga European: nyumba Gothic ndi zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso mipingo Baroque ndi nyumba Kubadwa Kwatsopano, nyumba mu Rococo ndi Art Nouveau. Prague a pakati mbiri ndi mabwalo waukulu ndi kumulowetsa ndi misewu yaing'ono, cobblestone chisankho UNESCO ndi chakuti chiwerengero cha World Heritage Cultural.

mawu ochepa A za dziko

Mu mtima wa Europe, pakati pa zitunda, m'mapiko nkhalango Chibohemiya ndi Sudeten mapiri, ndi ku Czech Republic. Izi dziko alibe kubwereketsa kunyanja ndipo m'mphepete mwa Austria, Germany, Poland ndi Slovakia. Ku Czech Republic, mwinanso kuposa kwina kulikonse, wina akhoza kumva mzimu wa Ages Middle, amapezeka m'matauni ndi m'mizinda, nyumba ndi chinyumba maofesi. Wokongola malo wokongola chimango kwa zipilala mapulani.

Contemporary Czech Republic

Chifukwa, otchedwa veleveti chilekano (kugwa mu January 1993 Czechoslovakia - ndi Czech ndi Slovak Republic Federal) pa dziko zandale, pali awiri mwayekha limati - ndi Slovak Republic, mzinda waukulu omwe anakhala Bratislava, ndi Czech Republic, amene wakhala likulu la Prague.
Mu mbiri posachedwapa European, mwina choncho basi nsoka wa dziko sichinayambe limodzi ndi asilikali kapena zinthu zina yazamalamulo. Contemporary Czech Republic - lipabliki aphungu lotsogoleredwa ndi mtsogoleri wosankhidwa ndi mavoti otchuka. Masiku ano, Czech Republic motsogozedwa ndi osankhidwa mu March 2013 Pulezidenti Milos Zeman mbali ya Soviet European ndi NATO.

Mudzi waukulu

Prague - likulu, mbiri, chikhalidwe ndi chuma "mtima" wa masiku Czech Republic, yomwe ili kumpoto kwa dzikolo, pakati pa Czech beseni. Iwo anamanga mzinda mapiri m'mphepete mwa mtsinje Vltava ndipo mbali ziwiri: kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo. Ili m'mphepete lamanja la Visegrad, ndipo kumanzere ndi Prague Castle. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa pafupipafupi mpando wa olamulira Czech kuchokera pamudzi wina ndi mzake iwo onse ananyamuka kwambiri moti ophatikizidwa mu chimodzi.

Koma mwalamulo la Big Prague anali atangotha kotala woyamba wa atumwi wotsiriza, pambuyo mzinda malire dazeni angapo pafupifupi ophatikizidwa mu pamudzi wina anali nawo. Ndipo ilo lisanakhale tauni yaing'ono yekha 20 Km ^2. Modern Prague pa mapu chimakwirira kudera pafupifupi 500 ^km2.

Prague nthano

Pakati mbiri ya Prague nyumba iliyonse, munda ndi cobblestone mlatho ake akhoza kukuuzani zambiri za nthano nkhani. Chokhala ndi nthano maziko a mzinda uno. Pambuyo mafuko Czech pansi pa utsogoleri wa kholo la Cech anabwera n'kuyamba kufufuza dziko lili pakati pa mitsinje Elbe ndi Vltava, ntongi akhali Prince Krok, iye wauka aakazi atatu, wamng'ono amene, Libuse, atamwalira atate wake anayamba kulamulira. Zinali iye amene, monga nthano, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa pa gombe miyala ya Vltava Vyšehrad linga, chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa zogona ake. Mfumukazi Libuse sanali kokha anzeru ndi wokongola, koma analinso ndi mphatso ya moyang'ana m'tsogolo. Tsiku lina, nditaima pa gombe miyala ya Vltava, anakhoza "kuona" kuti mzinda adzaikidwa mu nthawi yochepa, amene kutchuka chifikira kuthambo. Iye anakwanitsa kuitana malo Nyumbayi ili adzamangira: pakhomo la nyumba, amene ayenera kukhala tinkering. Pomwepo atumiki a kalonga anathamangira kufufuza ndi Mwachangu anapeza katswiri nthawi kuti Prague mu Czech amatanthauza "pakhomo", losavuta wolima otchedwa Přemysl. Libuse anamutengera kwa mwamuna, ndipo kumalo kumene iye anali kupanga pakhomo anakhazikitsidwa linga Castle, ku omwe udali Prague - mzinda ntchito ngati malo okhala a mibadwo yambiri akalonga Premyslid.

Olemba mbiri

Asayansi akukhulupirira Libuse ndi Premysl wolima osaposa khalidwe lanthano. Ndipotu Prague anakhazikitsidwa palibe zaka kale kuposa 880 pambuyo Bořivoj, kalonga loyamba la Přemyslid mafumu, inasamuka ku Hradec nad Vltavou. Kuti mudziwe za Libuse anapeza ntchito bwino odziwika Cosmas wa Prague "Czech Chronicle," ndipo unalembedwa iwo 623 - 630 zaka. Pa nthawi imeneyo, m'zaka za m'ma chiwiri, malinga ndi akatswiri, ndi Czechs akhala statehood ndi mapangidwe mzinda n'zokayikitsa.

Kodi dzina la mzinda?

Monga tanena, chiphunzitso wotchuka kwambiri ndi Prague - mzinda dzina amachokera ku mawu Czech Prah - «pakhomo». Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti Praha lachokera ku Old Asilavo dzina ndi miyala mathithi Vltava Ford. Pali lomwe ndi dzina la mzinda akhoza kugwirizana ndi mawu pražení - Kukuwotcha, zazharki, kuyambira m'dera lino amalimidwa kwambiri za tirigu, ndi kupanga mbewu wakhala otukuka.

Onse Mabaibulo zimenezi n'zochokera yekha pa kusanthula nyumba chinenero. asayansi amakono ndikukhulupirira kungoganizira kwambiri ndithu za mathithi a miyala, omwe anali ambiri pa Vltava.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Woyamba matabwa Prague Castle anakhazikitsidwa mu theka lachiwiri la IX m'ma kalonga Borzhevym. Pa chiyambi cha X m'zaka za mbali ina ya Vltava ananyamuka Visegrad. Pa nthawi mozungulira nyumba anayamba kuoneka wamalonda ndi luso midzi. Choncho, pa gombe kumanzere anapanga malo Old Town ndi kumanja, pansi pa Prague Castle, Wamng'ono anauka. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIII, mu ulamuliro wa mwana wake Premysl Otakar II wa, Duke wa Kraków ndi Mfumu Wenceslas II la Bohemia, Prague - likulu, yaikulu komanso olemera mzinda, amene anatha pamwamba mpumulo.
The heyday a mumzindawo kwa pafupifupi buku lonse XIII zaka chinachitikira ndi ulamuliro wa Yana Lyuksemburgskogo ndi mwana wake Charles IV. Yotsirizira ngwokhoza kuukitsa udindo Prague kuti kuti Ufumu wa Roma, likulu, ndi kukula, izo zinali yokha Constantinople ndi Paris. Charles IV muulamuliro wake ndayesera kuti ndizichita chirichonse kutsimikizira kuti Prague - likulu osati chuma, komanso chikhalidwe. Izo zinali ndiye anamanga Charles Bridge ndi yunivesite choyamba, anayamba pomanga Cathedral wa St. Vitus. Ndiye dipatimenti arhiepiskopalnaya analengedwa, ndipo panali dera Novo Mesto.

magawo a chitukuko

Chifukwa cha ku Hussite Nkhondo Prague anali m'nyengo bwinja ndi kuwola. Koma pofika cha m'ma XV pali olimba pang'onopang'ono m'tawuni akuyamba kumanga latsopano ndi kumanganso nyumba anawonongedwa. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi motsogozedwa ndi wamanga Benedikta Rayta amabwera mu Hradcany kukhazikitsanso wa Old Royal Palace.

Wachiwiri "golide zaka" chifukwa Prague anabwela pa ulamuliro wa a Habsburg mafumu, yomwe inayamba mu 1526. olamulira Austria awononga ndalama zambiri anthu oti ndi chuma chitukuko cha Prague. Mu 1612, pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumu Rudolf II wa mzinda watha udindo wake monga yachifumu pa mphamvu zonse anasamukira ku Vienna.

Nthawi yotsatira inali heyday wa Prague XVIII atumwi, amene chinachitikira pamodzi ndi fuko. Kumapeto kwa zaka zino, mu ulamuliro wa Yosefe II wa, pali kuyanjana mu dera limodzi loyang'anira anayi mbali yaikulu ya m'matauni: Hradcany, Old Town, Wamng'ono Town ndi New Town.

Kumapeto kwa XIX - oyambirira XX atumwi, pamene panali chitukuko mofulumira makampani ndi chuma, komanso ambiri a mitu European, Prague ndi mwachangu anayamba ndipo ikukula kwambiri. Kukwera kwa nthawi imeneyi anali mawu a First World nkhondo. Czechoslovakia - Mu 1918, zimene zimachitika palokha unakhazikitsidwa. Pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, kuyambira mu 1939 mpaka 1945, Prague - likulu la State - komanso ena a dziko, anali mu Nazi ntchito yake. Pambuyo nkhondo ndi 1989, panali "veleveti zisinthe" mu Czechoslovakia kunali mbali ya msasa zokomera.

m'maboma Prague

Modern Prague ndi zigawo zambiri, ena amene anali kwa zaka ankaona mizinda osiyana. Ali:

• Visegrad;
• Modabwa Mesto;
• wamng'ono;
• Hradcany;
• Latsopano Town.

Mu masiku akale, iwo sanangokhala nako kachitidwe osiyana kasamalidwe ndi subordination, ndalama, koma akhumudwitsana nthawi zina kupita kukafika nkhondo. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XIX izo inkayenda Old Prague, pakati mbiri womwenso m'madera monga Chakale ndi Chatsopano Town, Hradčany, Vyšehrad, Mala Strana ndi Josefov - Jewish kotala.

Kuti zili zazikulu zakale, mapulani ndi chikhalidwe zokopa likulu Czech. Mu zaka wotsatira, Mzinda unakula, ndipo panali madera atsopano, koma iwo ali osangalatsa apaulendo zinthu pang'ono.

Lero ndi zovuta osati kwa alendo komanso anthu zakwawoko kumvetsetsa mmene osiyanasiyana m'maboma a Prague. Pa mapu, malinga ndi ganizo la makono a mapulani mzinda, malo ano amadziwika ndi dera lawo awo a boma makamaka. Choncho, mzinda wonse lagawidwa m'zigawo 22, kuphatikizapo m'zigawo zake umembala 57.

Pamodzi ndi mchitidwe atsopano ndi akale tawuni cadastral dongosolo magawano. Choncho, Prague lagawidwa m'madera zazikulu 10 mwa madera 112. Amenewa kusiyana amatchedwa Administrative ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana m'moyo m'tawuni.