Nyumba Gothic mu Europe. zomangamanga Gothic

The Gothic mapulani kalembedwe anabadwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 12 kumpoto kwa France. Chinathandiza pandawala Abbe Suter. kutukuka lake lalikulu kalembedwe anafika mu zoyambirira za m'ma 13., Kufalitsa pa dera la Spain ano ndi Czech Republic, Austria ndi Germany, ndi UK.

Kukakomana ndi zomangamanga Gothic, n'zotheka ndi Italy. Komabe, mu dziko lino kalembedwe anali zinawukhira kenako, popeza akukonza kusintha wamphamvu. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 14. Mayiko Gothic kalembedwe kufalitsa ku Ulaya. Mayiko kummawa m'dzikoli, kalembedwe izi inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri ndipo zinatha mpaka m'ma 16. Gothic anapereka kwa dziko osati achilendo mitundu. kalembedwe Izi walenga kumvetsa zatsopano za zikuchokera chochuluka ndi gulu la danga.

Magawo chitukuko cha Gothic

Pali periodization cha chitukuko cha zomangamanga lodabwitsali. Choncho, wolemekezeka Gothic:

- oyambirira, (12).
- kalembedwe ukuyenda; (13).
- lamoto (14-15 CC.);
- lonse.

Chinachake patapita zodcheskih nyumba zothetsera zinthu kokha kwa kalembedwe amenewa ankagwiritsa ntchito. nyumba amenewa akuti "Wachiwiri-Gothic" ntchito.

mbali mapulani

Kalembedwe Gothic amakhala ndi zikuchokera umodzi, dongosolo zovuta kachitidwe thandizo, ribbed m'chipinda chotetezeka ndi zisonga Chipilala. zizindikiro zimenezi kapangidwe kulola kumamanga nyumba ndi anawasema lalikulu (chifukwa kukhalapo nthiti) ndi makoma n'kakang'ono (chifukwa katundu pa iwo offsets buttresses dongosolo). Mapulani kuchepetsa nyumba yaikulu inaimika. Izi kunatheka chifukwa cha kumayambiriro chimango lapansi. Motero, malinga salinso kutumikira monga zinthu thandizo.

mbali

Alipo pa makamaka mbiri siteji kalembedwe nyumba mapulani kukumana ena kusintha pa nthawi. Ndipo kalembedwe Romanesque wakhala yosintha mu Gothic.

M'magazini waukulu chiyani? Pali zisanu ndi ziwiri mbali zapadera kalembedwe Gothic:

1. yapamwamba ndi osakhala mitundu - buluu, wofiira ndi wachikasu.
2. mizere zisonga n'kupanga ya intersecting arcs awiri.
3. amakona anayi mawonekedwe kwa nyumba mawu kusintha mu zipilala arches.
4. zimakupiza m'chipinda chotetezeka anamanga pa zipilalapo. M'malo mwake, Nthawi zina coffered denga. Zipinda nyumba amenewa nthawi ndi yopapatiza. Kapena lonse wofotokozedwa ndi pakati amathandiza. Kudenga m'madera amenewa kwenikweni mkulu.
5. wosongoka, chimango, fishnet, mwala, kukokera Chipilala, komanso kutsindika mfundo mafupa a chimango lonse.
6. NAC-akuda othimbirira-galasi mawindo. mawonekedwe akhoza chonse kapena elongated m'mwamba.
7. matabwa zitseko thundu ndipo ribbed arches pamafelemu a nyumba.

Mbali yofunika kwambiri luso ndi kukhalapo kwa ziboliboli. zolengedwa nthano ndi wachisoni chithunzi zambiri chokongoletsedwa makoma mchitidwe, matchalitchi ambiri aang'ono.

Ambiri akale nyumba European anamanga kalembedwe Gothic. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chenicheni cha kaphatikizidwe zaluso ambiri, monga:

- zomangamanga;
- chosema;
- kupenta yaikulu;
- Tirhana na Timatheriyali.

Matchalitchi zinamangidwa mu kalembedwe Gothic mu chapakati mzinda lalikulu, Wodzikuza padziko iwo nyumba ziwiri kapena zitatu-storey. dongosolo limeneli ndi zoona makamaka kwa Eastern Europe ndi Italy.

Nyumba yoyamba ya kalembedwe Gothic

Malinga ndi asilikali a Abbot Suger inamangidwa mpingo wa Saint-Denis. Zinali kapangidwe poyamba anamanga kalembedwe Gothic. Pa ntchito yomanga tchalitchi ichi kunachotsedwa ambiri partitions mkati ndi zogwiriziza. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nyumba anatenga wachisomo taonani, sinditi poyerekeza aliyense ndi chinyumba Romanesque.

Gothic tchalitchi anali kunyamula tanthauzo anamanga mlangizi achifumu ndi Abbot Suger. Iye watipatsa ukulu ansembe, ndi lakalekale m'manda a mafumu French. Malinga ndi zosiyana, kachisi, anamanga Suger, zinali ndi chodabwitsa kuwalako zimalimbikitsa kukongola a m'midzi. Chigamulo pa nthawi, Louis IX, anawauza kuti avale titangoikonza kumene tombstones sikisitini Mafumu French. Zonsezi zinali kulimbikitsa kutchuka achifumu.

Cathedral St. Sitefano

Ambiri nyumba Gothic ndi zizindikiro za boma la maiko imene iwo anamanga. Izi zikugwirizana ndi Catholic Cathedral wa St. Stephen ili Vienna. Iye amaona chizindikiro dziko la Austria.

nyumba izi zazikulu, anamanga zaka pafupifupi ziwiri mazana, zitamangidwa mu mtima likulu Austria. Ngati ambiri Gothic akale m'linga, n'kofunika zedi pabwalopo. Lero, mu tchalitchi ichi ikuchitikira tsiku kulambira.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba Mpingo wa Katolika otchulidwa mipukutu zokhudza 1137. M'zaka za m'ma 12. St. Stefano Cathedral ali umboni kutchulidwa wa kalembedwe Romanesque. Komabe, m'zaka 14-16. nyumbayo ukasintha anamanganso nakhala kwathunthu Gothic. Kale m'zaka 17. pang'ono anasintha mkati mwa tchalitchi. Monga iye anali ankalemba unakhala wotchuka Baroque kalembedwe.

The St. Stefano Cathedral ali nsanja ziwiri. Mmodzi wa iwo yosatha, - North. kutalika kwake ndi 68 mamita chachiwiri nsanja -. South. Iwo limatuluka pamwamba pansi pa mamita 136 ndipo ali ndi bwalo ndi mwachidule zidzasintha osati Vienna, komanso m'madera ozungulira mzindawo. Pa North Tower ndi belu lalikulu kwambiri mu dziko. Iwo zimalemera matani 21 awiri - mamita atatu. The polipitsa belu yekha pa maholide kwambiri, palibe nthawi zoposa 11 chaka.

Chartres Cathedral

nyumba Gothic anasiya kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu aliyense. Zingamvekere msinkhu wawo ndi kukongola kutambasula kwa thambo nsanja ambiri ndi arches zisonga. Komanso, nyumba kalembedwe Gothic zedi pa. Choncho, Chartres Cathedral ili France, ali ndi kutalika 130 m. Iliyonse anasankha maganizo Nyumbayi zikuwoneka mwatsopano. Ndipo ndi kuyamika zonse za kudabwitsa kwa wapakamwa lapansi.

Mosiyana ndi matchalitchi Romanesque, ali ndi yosavuta kumva kuonekera mawonekedwe, pamene kuonera Chartres Cathedral zikuwoneka kupanda makoma. Gallery, zitsime zosambiramo, kuphatikizaponso nsanja, mazenera yaikulu, malo ambiri ndi arcades ndi masewera Sipadzakhalanso mitundu openwork. Ngati nyumba yonse Gothic, Chartres Cathedral kwenikweni anthu ambirimbiri ziboliboli osiyana. Ena ziboliboli m'kachisi, pali zikwi khumi. Chiwerengerochi osati makonde ndi tambirimbiri. Iwo Tingaone pa eaves ndi denga pa masitepe mwauzimu ndi downspouts, pa mtima ndi pansi pa arches a matchalitchi a. Mu mawu ena, nyumba Gothic alendo sakudziwika komanso zodabwitsa dziko.

Notre Dame

Kalembedwe Gothic a nyumba zakale ndipo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kachisi wamkulu, amene yomanga inayamba mu 1163 The Mwala wa madziko wa chachikulu cha Notre Dame linakhazikitsidwa ndi Louis VII ndi Papa Alexander III. Yomanga inatenga zaka zambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pang'onopang'ono anapita ku kum'mawa kwa dera la kumadzulo kwa nyumbayi. Malinga ndi ndondomeko pachiyambi, tchalitchi amayenera zili zonse anthu Paris, ndi chiyambi cha ntchito yomanga anthu 10 000. Komabe, pambuyo pomanga mzinda kachisi wakula kambirimbiri kuti sikutheka kukhazikitsa dongosolo lake.

Danga mkati mwa kachisi alipo ufumu mwala wochepa chimango zipilala zimene cholukanalukana arches zisonga. Mkati ufumu chenicheni cha mizere umodzi, patsogolo kumwamba. Wachikuda galasi, anaikapo mu chimango cha othimbirira galasi kuwanditsa dzuwa, zomwe atsanulira ziboliboli zambiri ankhondo ndi mabishopu, akazi ndi ana, amuna ndi mafumu. Mpanda mu kachisi uyu si konse. M'malo mwake, iwo anamanga chimango wopangidwa mwa mizati chikugwirizana ndi arches. Lembani izi mamangidwe Lancet mazenera, amene ali ofanana yaikulu kanjedza zojambula khumi. dzuwa zimapangitsa Mipikisano wachikuda othimbirira galasi mazenera ngati ngale zikuluzikulu. Mu ichi pali ena lachinsinsi kamvekedwe umene uli munthu pa maganizo achipembedzo achipembedzo.

Cologne Cathedral

Pomanga nyumba imeneyi wamkulu wa kalembedwe Gothic inayambika mu 1248, Cathedral ali nsanja kuwala kwa wapakamwa kumadzulo ndi denga gabled, komanso njira kaso mfundo zonse yomanga ndi kutalika osaka nave lapansi.

kachisi uyu ndiye - wotchuka kwambiri ndi kuzindikira lonse lapansili. Onani chipilala chodabwitsa a zomangamanga Gothic imene kutalika kwake ndi wachitatu wokwera pakati matchalitchi onse a dziko, onse alendo wofunitsitsa kuyendera Germany.

Palazzo Ducale

tchalitchi Ichi ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi choonetsa Venetian Gothic zomangamanga, amene si anazindikira mbali structural ndi zotsatira kukongoletsa wa kalembedwe lodabwitsali. The wapakamwa kachisi ndi zachilendo kwambiri kapangidwe kake. A mndandanda wa nsangalabwi mizati woyera encircling gawo m'munsi mwa kulinga. Yaikulu yomanga zowoneka amakankhira mizati izi mu nthaka. Phaka lachiwiri aumbike mwa yothandizira lotseguka loggia. Iwo chikugwirizana ndi arches ndi muyezo ndipo ambiri mizati woonda. Mbali imeneyi amakhala chisomo ndi omasuka. Komanso limatuluka phaka lachitatu, pinki makoma limene ambiri spaced mawindo. Mbali imeneyi ya wapakamwa ali chokongoletsedwa ndi ziwembu zojambula mu woyera. Nyumba yachifumu lonse limagwira diso njira zake sonority kukongoletsa. Chili ulemerero wa Byzantium mokondwa aboma.