Project 971 - mndandanda wa Mipikisano cholinga sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya: zofunika

Sitima zankhondo akhala waukulu chidwi mphamvu ya zombo wathu ndi njira kutsutsa mdani angathe. chifukwa chake n'chapafupi: ndege onyamula, dziko wathu mbiri sunayambe, koma maroketi zipolopolo kuchokera pansi pa madzi, amayenda kugunda imene padziko lapansi. N'chifukwa chake ngakhale ku Soviet Union Ufumuyo wofunika kwambiri kwa chitukuko ndi chilengedwe cha mitundu yatsopano ya sitima zankhondo. Pa nthawiyo yojambula weniweni anali 971 ntchito umene analenga Mipikisano cholinga otsika phokoso magalimoto.

Latsopano "Pike"

Mu 1976 anaganiza pulani ndi kumanga sitima zankhondo latsopano. Ntchito anapatsidwa kwa kampani wowopsa "Malachite", umene wakhala anawerengera zombo nyukiliya la dzikolo. Mbali ya kapangidwe latsopano ndi pa chitukuko akhala ntchito kwathunthu opaleshoni nthawi ya "Barracuda", koma chifukwa siteji ya kapangidwe cilamulo ndi kuwerengetsera ambiri zapita, amene kwambiri yafupika malipiro a polojekiti palokha ndipo inapita patsogolo ntchito yopitilira mwa chimango ake.

Mosiyana ndi "makolo" wa banja 945, 971 ntchito, pa malingaliro a akatswiri ochokera Komsomolsk pa-Amur, sati ntchito yopanga housings titaniyamu. Ichi chinali chifukwa osati ngongole yaikulu ndi wosaperewera chitsulo ichi, koma ndi Kuvuta kwambiri ntchito naye. Kwenikweni kukokera ntchito chotero akanakhoza kokha "Sevmash", amene mphamvu ndi katunduyu kwathunthu. m'matangadza kuti zitatsekeredwa kuika poyamba ... monga nzeru anapatsidwa zokhudza latsopano US sitima zapamadzi mtundu "Los Angeles." Chifukwa cha polojekitiyi 971 anathamangira zitakwanira.

Kale mu 1980 inatha. Chinthu china chatsopano "Pike" anali kuti kwambiri ntchito pa ndondomeko zawo ndi chilengedwe kunachitidwa mu Komsomolsk pa-Amur. Pamaso Pacific sitima anali mu malo a "poyerekezera osauka" ndipo anatumikira yekha ntchito kapolo.

mbali zina za polojekiti

anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa za mfundo imeneyi, koma pa chiyambi cha 80s dziko lathu anagula kwa Japan Toshiba mankhwala - makamaka yeniyeni makina zida zitsulo ntchito, omwe analola kuti zomangira latsopano, kubala pa phokoso osachepera. The ndikupeleka unali pamwamba chinsinsi, koma United States, pa nthawi imeneyo pafupifupi "njuchi" Japan anamva bwanji zimenezi pasanapite nthawi. Chifukwa, kampani "Toshiba" ngakhale anabwera pansi ziletso pa za chuma.

Chifukwa cha zomangira ndi zina zina za kamangidwe, zomangidwazo 971 ndi modabwitsa chete kusambira. M'mbali zambiri ndi phindu Krylov, amene kwa zaka zingapo ntchito pa kutsitsa sitima zankhondo phokoso, kukhala zinthu zambiri kulengedwa kwa "Barracudas". Achita Amakwaniritsidwa academician ndi gulu lonse la Institute ndi Research lotsogoleredwa ndi iye sanali popanda malipiro: maboti Project 971 "Pike-B" phokoso kangapo zosakwana atsopano US "Los Angeles."

Kusankha sitima zankhondo latsopano

Latsopano sitima zankhondo anatha mokwanira Goliyati iliyonse, monga kunyanyala ntchito zida zawo ndi kuchuluka ake anadabwa ngakhale yake moremanov. Chinthu ndi kuti "Pike-B" anali kuwononga zombo pamwamba ndi sitima zankhondo, kutsogolera chiphunzitso cha migodi, kuchititsa reconnaissance ndi commando anawazunza nawo ntchito yapadera ... Mwachidule, kuchita chilichonse kulungamitsa limanena za "sitima zapamadzi Mipikisano cholinga cha polojekiti 971" Schuka- B "".

njira nzeru ndi maganizo

Monga tidanena, kapangidwe yoyambirira ya sitima zankhondo za mtundu uwu anafunika kusintha kwambiri. Yekha ofooka mfundo ya sitima zankhondo yathu poyerekezera ndi anzawo American anali chosowa zovuta digito zosefera phokoso. Koma ambiri, makhalidwe atsopano nkhondowo "Pike" iwo adakali kwambiri laling'onolo. Mwachitsanzo, pa manja awo "khangaza," atsopano mivi odana sitima kuti analola ngati kuli kofunika woonda kunja kwambiri iliyonse pamwamba madzi panyanja grouping.

Koma pambuyo "akamaliza wapamwamba" 1980 "Pike" akadali nacho ya digito processing "yenda momyata 3" kuwasokoneza, komanso dongosolo atsopano malangizo amene amalola ntchito mizinga zotsogola wovuta. Kwa nthawi yoyamba inafalitsidwa wonse zokha zipangizo ndi nkhondo ndi mphamvu zida, anali massively akuyendera kamangidwe ka wapadera Pop-mmwamba kapisozi chipulumutso cha anthu onsewo, chimene chakhala bwinobwino kukayesedwa ndi mzake "Barracuda."

mbali Design

Komanso onse aakulu Soviet sitima zapamadzi la kalasi iyi, sitima zapamadzi Project 971 ntchito amapasa-dera wakhala tingachipeze powerenga. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya "m'madzi" shipbuilding wakhala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zinachitikira chipika olowa zidutswa sitima zapamadzi, kulola kuchita kwambiri ntchito mu chitonthozo cha shopu. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zonal mayunitsi zida, amene pambuyo akamaliza unsembe basi kulumikiza kwa mabasi centralized deta.

Kodi inu kutsindikiza kuchepetsa mlingo phokoso?

Kuwonjezera pa zomangira wapadera, zomwe ife mobwerezabwereza otchulidwa, tingagwiritse ntchito dongosolo lapadera cushioning. Choyamba, zimagwirira onse anaika pa "maziko" wapadera. Kachiwiri, aliyense chipika zone ali dongosolo lina la depreciation. Amenewa chiwembu n'zotheka osati kwa kwambiri kuchepetsa phokoso kwaiye sitima zapamadzi, komanso kuti apitirize kuteteza adalira ndi sitima zapamadzi magalimoto chifukwa mafunde mantha kwaiye mabomba a milandu mozama. Choncho zombo wathu, sitima zankhondo, umene pafupifupi nthawi zonse anali waukulu kuponya mphamvu zinali zamphamvu "mkangano" kuti m'mbuyo mdani angathe.

Monga sitima zankhondo zonse mwamakono "Pike" apanga muyezo ndi chabwino nthenga Boole, amene nyumba towed mlongoti Rada dongosolo. Mbali nthenga mabwato izi ndi kuti zikhale ngati gulu limodzi zinthu mphamvu ya thupi chachikulu. Zonse izi achita kuti kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha amazipotokola zotheka. Yotsirizira Mungasonyeze zotsatirazi hydroacousticians mdani chotengera. zonsezi tagwira zipatso zololeka "ndi Pike" amaonedwa kwambiri inconspicuous ziwiya m'madzi kwa tsiku.

Miyeso ya sitima zapamadzi ndi oyendetsa

Pamwamba kusamutsidwa kwa ngalawayo ndi matani 8140 M'madzimu - matani 10,5 zikwi. Kutalika pazipita alumikizana ndi 110,3 m, ndi m'lifupi mwake pazipita 13,6 m. Wapakati precipitate padziko pafupi mamita khumi.

Chifukwa chakuti misa ntchito zosiyanasiyana njira kwa zovuta kulamulira zokha mu kapangidwe ya ngalawayo, oyendetsa zochepa anthu 73, poyerekeza ndi US 143 mamembala adalira (pa "Los Angeles"). Ngati Tikayerekeza latsopano "Pike" ndi mitundu ina ya m'mbuyomu banja, wakhala kwambiri bwino moyo ndi zikhalidwe za anthu oyendetsa ntchito. Ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha yotsirizira izo ndi mwayi kuika anthu awiri a kumalo kwambiri kutetezedwa (zogona).

magetsi

Mtima wa ngalawa ndi riyakitala ndi mphamvu 190 MW. Izo anapeka magudumu nthunzi anayi ndi chopangira mphamvu, amene kulamulira ndi mechanization mobwerezabwereza lingafanane. Mphamvu aperekedwe ku kutsinde ndi 50 000 L. a. Wononga - semilopastnoy ndi gawo makamaka za masamba ndi kuchepetsedwa liwiro kasinthasintha. Liwiro pazipita sitima m'madzi, ngati anamasuliridwa zomveka "dziko" mtengo kuposa 60 Km / h! Kunena mwachidule, bwato ikuyenda malo wandiweyani mofulumira kuposa ambiri ndi ma yatchi masewera, osati kutchula Zombo Zankhondo lolemera. Chinthu ndi kuti ngalawa alumikizana cholinga ndi "battalion" akatswiri, ndi ntchito zambiri m'munda wa hydrodynamics.

Njira kudziwika zombo za adani

Yapadera weniweni wa latsopano "Pike" ndi zovuta MGK-540 "Skat-3". Iye sangakhoze chabe zosefera kunja kuwasokoneza, komanso paokha kudziwa kubala phokoso ku injini ya sitimayo iliyonse. Komanso, "otsetsereka" angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati sonar ochiritsira pamene tikudutsa fairways sankadziwa. Kudziwika osiyanasiyana sitima zankhondo mdani katatu poyerekeza ndi mbadwo wakale wa sitima zankhondo. Komanso, "otsetsereka" mofulumira kwambiri Mzimuyo makhalidwe zolinga kuwafunafuna zotuluka zanyengo nthawi kucheza.

Mbali yapadera sitima zapamadzi iliyonse ya Project 971 ndi kukhazikitsa, kulola kuti azindikire ngalawa aliyense padziko masamba iwo pa kudzuka lapansi. Zipangizo linaŵerengera yochokera kwa iye mafunde, ngakhale maola ochepa chichitikireni ndime ya chiwiya lalikulu ili, lomwe limachititsa kuti magulu sitimayo chozemba kutsatira mdani mu kuchotsa abwino iwo.

makhalidwe a mikono

Waukulu chidwi mphamvu ndi anayi chida-looneka 533 mamilimita likungosonyeza makina. Koma chidwi zedi tione ngakhale zoikamo anayi likungosonyeza 650 mamilimita TA. Total pa bolodi sitima zapamadzi kungakhale kwa mizinga 40 ndi / kapena torpedoes. "Pike" akhoza moto mivi "Granat" ndiponso "squalls" Amachitanso agwire ntchito m'madzi ndi pamwamba pa madzi. Kumene, n'zotheka kuwombera torpedoes ndi zokolola ochiritsira ku machubu oponya basi mabomba amene kudziyerekeza kukhala malo mfuti.

Komanso, pogwiritsa ntchito sitima zapamadzi izi zikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi minefields mwachizolowezi. Choncho osiyanasiyana zida n'chachikulu kwambiri. Pamene kukulozani mivi sitima, malangizo ndi thandizo lawo kudzachitika mode kwathunthu basi, osati kukusokonezani chidwi cha anthu ogwira ntchito kuchita mautumiki ena. Kalanga ine, mu 1989, pambuyo akumane kwambiri mapangano dziko lathu ndi America, sitima zankhondo za Project 971 ili ntchito ya usilikali popanda "khangaza" ndi "Whirlwind", monga njira izi chiwonongeko akhoza kunyamula warhead nyukiliya.

Tanthauzo la "Pike" kwa shipbuilding zoweta

Monga tidanena, sitima zankhondo awa anali woyamba palokha ntchito ya sitima Far East, amene choyamba analandira kuti boma la zovuta kumvetsa zoterozo wamba. M'madzi C-284, amene wakhala flagship wa mndandanda, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1980 ndi zaka zinayi anayamba utumiki panyanja. Pa kumanga kamangidwe kuti mwamsanga kulewerana ang'ono amene lokha ntchito kulenga sitima zankhondo onse wotsatira.

Kale pa mayesero woyamba wa a panyanjawa ndi a Unduna wa silikhali akhala anasangalala ndi mmene otsika phokoso kunapezeka kuti sitima zapamadzi. Zotsatira zinali zabwino kuti alola kulankhula molimba mtima za kuchoka kwa shipbuilding Soviet ku gawo lina. Ndi kunapezeka kwambiri malinga ndi alangizi asilikali Western, anazindikira kuti "Pike" latsopano kalasi ya zida ndipo anawapatsa ku cipher Akula.

Chifukwa tingachidziwe mwa sitima zankhondo za Project 971 amatha kuyenda mu kuya antisubmarine chitetezo zida ndi njira muyezo wa kudziwika lamayimbidwe. Popeza zida zamphamvu za sitima zapamadzi mwina kuimirira okha, ngakhale kudziwika awo.

Ngakhale m'dera la ulamuliro wa sitima zankhondo mdani ali chete ndi inconspicuous kapangidwe 971 zingachititse zomvetsa ndithu kwa mdani, mpaka zolinga shelling m'mphepete mwa nyanja chiwonongeko nyukiliya. "Schukam" ndithu pa zombo phewa pamwamba ndi sitima zankhondo, komanso kuwonongedwa kwa malo pamalo abwino zofunika lamulo, ngakhale ili kutali woyendera nthambi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Kutanthauza "Pike-B" ntchito kwa dziko lathu

Kubwera kwa sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya polojekiti 971 asokoneza makadi onse America. Zisanachitike, iwo molondola anakhulupirira amanyansidwa padziko amakakamiza kwambiri mu dziko, ndi zombo Soviet, adali ndi zombo kwambiri ang'onoang'ono padziko, akatswiri awo pachikhalidwe motsika. "Pike" anapita wonse mlingo watsopano sewero. Iwo akhoza ntchito mu mtendere ngakhale mu kwambiri kumbuyo mizere mdani, kupita kuseri kwa mzere ASW. Pankhani ya nkhondo yeniyeni ndi vuto nyukiliya m'madzi ndi otetezeka, palibe malo lamulo, ndipo chabe kudula m'ziwawa ya njira za panyanja ndipo ife sindikuyankhula.

Aliyense amanyansidwa angathe mdani zinthu izi n'kukhala ndi analogi kuvina pa minefield ndi, ndipo inu angaiwale za kuukira modzidzimutsa. US utsogoleri "Pike" (makamaka akweza) kwambiri ndi nkhawa. Kale mu 2000, iwo mobwerezabwereza anayesa amaswa malamulo mgwirizano wa malamulo amphamvu azigwiritsira, koma Russia zofuna otere mapangano "kupambana-Nkhata" mulibe.

Kusinthidwa ndi chitukuko zina polojekiti

Zitatero, "Pike" (Project 971) mobwerezabwereza bwino, makamaka mawu a chozemba sonar. Makamaka wosiyana zombo zina, "Boar" ndi "chinjoka", anamanga pa ntchito munthu 971U. Iwo yomweyo noticeable pa kusinthidwa mizere alumikizana. Yotsirizira posakhalitsa anawonjezera mamita anayi, kulola lokha akomere Chalk malangizo kupeza ndi kutsatira mapangidwe latsopano umalimbana kuchepetsa mlingo phokoso. Oposa theka matani kuchuluka kusamutsidwa padziko ndi m'madzi.

Izo anasintha ndi chomera mphamvu amadyetsa riyakitala chitsanzo Chabwino-650B3. Kusintha zinali zoonekeratu kuti latsopano sitima zankhondo kuukira nyukiliya ku TV achilendo atangowerenga christened imachulukitsidwa Akula. Malinga ndi ntchito chimodzimodzi yoti timange sitima zankhondo anayi, koma mapeto sitima inakhazikitsidwa ndi analenga awiri a iwo okha. Woyamba wa awa, K-335 "Cheetah" anali ambiri anamanga pa ntchito yapadera 971M, nkhani yonena za ntchito zomwe atsopano mu kamangidwe ka makampani amagetsi.

bwato uyu anakhala wamkulu amalinyero kumadzulo kudziwika monga Akula II, kuyambira kumasiyana ndi tsinde la ntchito ya anali ofunika kwambiri. The chachiwiri yosatha sitima zapamadzi, iye K 152 "nyamazi", komanso analengedwa ndi zocitika zapadera 971I, ankafuna pangano la Indian apanyanja. Kwenikweni, "Chisindikizo" chosiyana ndi "abale" awo kwambiri chosavuta pakompyuta kudzazidwa, limene palibe mbali chinsinsi.

Kutsatizana mibadwo

Poyamba, maboti onse zino anangokhala index, si potanthauza mayina. Koma mu 1990, a K-317 dzina lake "Panther." Iwo anapatsidwa ulemu wa sitima zapamadzi akadali ndi Russian Ufumu wotsegulira nkhondo choyamba kudzera. M'tsogolo, "kubadwa mtsikana" anakhala sitima zapamadzi "Amabereka" ntchito 971. Posachedwapa, sitima zankhondo zonse za banja nawonso alandira maina awo awo, ofanana ndi zombo mayina, akale monga mbali ya mfumu ndi Soviet apanyanja. Yekha ndi Project 971, "Kuzbass". Poyamba, chombo uyu ankatchedwa "The Walrus". Poyamba dzina lake polemekeza wina wa sitima zankhondo loyamba la Ufumu, koma pambuyo pake analipira msonkho kwa panyanja Union.

Koma wakhala sitima zapamadzi zofunika kwambiri chikalata pa Sevmash. mndandanda wawo wonse anali kachidindo dzina lake "nyalugwe." Kuti ntchito imeneyi tinalandira sitima zankhondo zonse kumadzulo kwa dzina lakuti "mphaka."

"Poluboevaya 'ntchito

Pa mokwiya NATO ndi Serbia mu 1996, K-461 "Wolf" anali kupitiriza nkhondowo ntchito mu Nyanja Mediterranean. hydroacoustics American anatha kuzindikira malo ake pa ndime ya Strait la Gibraltar, koma osiyana athu anatha kuchoka ku. Ankakhulupirira kupeza "Wolf" zinali zotheka mwachindunji ku gombe la Yugoslavia. Mu kulondera izi nkhondo sitima zapamadzi yokutidwa zoweta ndege chonyamulira "asilikali Kuznetsov" kuchita angathe mokwiya "abwenzi Western". Pa nthawi yomweyo, "Wolf" imachitika kutsatira covert asanu NATO sitima zankhondo, kuphatikizapo m'ngalawa imodzi anali "kupikisana" Mtundu "Los Angeles."

M'chaka chomwecho, wina "Pike-B," omwe anali pansi pa lamulo la A. V. Burilichev, wogwira ntchito yomenyana m'madzi a Atlantic. Kumeneku, anthu ogwira ntchitoyi anapeza US Navy SSBN, ndipo kenako anatsitsa moseri ngalawayo kumenyana kwake. Ngati nkhaniyi ili muzochitika za nkhondo, chombo cha msilikali cha ku America chikanapita pansi. Lamulo linamvetsetsa zonse izi mwangwiro, choncho Burylichev mwamsanga pambuyo pa "bizinesi ulendo" anapatsidwa udindo wa Hero wa Russian Federation. Ichi ndi chiwonetsero china cha mikhalidwe yowonongeka kwambiri ndi kunyenga kwawombola iliyonse yomangamanga 971.

Zomwe zimachitika kumadzi m'nyanja ...

Kumapeto kwa February chaka chomwecho, chaka cha 1996, nthendayi inkachitika palimodzi. Kenaka anangoyamba kuchita masewera aakulu a zombo za NATO. Lamulo la ngalawa za antisubmarine zinkatha kuyanjana ndi lamulo ndikufotokozera kuti panalibe zida zankhondo zomwe zidawombedwa ndi adani awo. Patangopita mphindi zochepa, mkulu wa asilikali oyendetsa sitima zam'madzi ku Russia anakumana ndi sitima za British. Ndipo posakhalitsa, oyendetsa sitima za ku British asanafike, "chiwonongeko cha chipambano" chinafika.

Ogwira ntchitoyo ananena kuti m'modzi mwa ogwira ntchito panyanjayi ndi wovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kupweteka kwambiri. Momwe zinthu zinalili panyanja yam'madzi yam'madzi, kupambana kwa ntchitoyi sikunatsimikizidwe, choncho mtsogoleriyo adapanga chisankho chosavuta kuti ayankhule ndi anzake akunja. Wodwala anabatizidwa mwamsanga mu ndege ya England ndipo anatumizidwa kuchipatala. Chimene chinamveketsa panthawiyi oyendetsa sitima a ku Britain, omwe anangonena za kusowa kwa masitima a pansi pa adani, n'zovuta kulingalira. Chomwe chiri chokondweretsa kwambiri, sichikanatha kuyika ngalawa ya Project 971 ya mndandanda wakale! Kuchokera apo, Project 971 "Shark" imalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi British Navy.

Zochitika zamakono

Pakali pano, sitima zam'madzi zonse zamtunduwu zikugwira ntchito, zimakhala ngati gawo la Pacific ndi Northern Northern Fleets. "Nerpa" yomwe tatchula pamwambayi ikugwira ntchito mu Indian Navy ndipo, malinga ndi mgwirizano, idzakhalabe mpaka 2018. N'zotheka kuti pambuyo pa izi Amwenye adzakonda kupititsa mgwirizano, popeza amayamikira kwambiri mikhalidwe yolimbana ndi asilikali a ku Russia.

Mwa njira, mu zombo za ku India, "Nerpa" ankatchedwa Chakra. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti poyamba dzina lomwelo linadzala ndi "Skat" 670, yomwe inagwiritsanso ntchito malonda ku India kuyambira 1988 mpaka 1992. Alendo onse omwe ankatumikira kumeneko adakhala akatswiri m'madera awo, ndipo akuluakulu ena ochokera ku Chakra yoyamba anali atatha kale kufika kwa oyang'anira. Zirizonse zomwe zinali, koma "Russian" Pike tsopano ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ku bizinesi yovuta yochita ntchito yomenyana ndi kutumikira monga mmodzi mwa alangizi a boma pa dziko lathu.

Masiku ano, pamene sitimayo imayamba kuchira pang'onopang'ono pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1990, zakhala zikukamba kale kuti zida za nyukiliya zankhondo zisanu ndi zisanu ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa molondola pa ntchito yopanga polojekiti ya 971, monga momwe zombo za mndandandawu zatsimikizira mobwerezabwereza chiyembekezo chawo. Okhawokha "Pikes" amalembera m'magawo awo pamagulu a masitima a m'badwo wachinayi. Umboni wosatsimikizirika wa izi ndikuti iwo adanyenga kambirimbiri SOSUS, yomwe nthawi ina inayambitsa mavuto ambiri kwa oyendetsa sitima za Soviet.