Pyrus communis: kubzala, chisamaliro, tizirombo ndi ulamuliro wawo

M'munda kawirikawiri sichingapezeke peyala - Mwanaalirenji mtengo wa zipatso ndi korona kufalikira, kukongoletsa masamba ndi zipatso zokoma zimene ankaona mtundu wa chizindikiro cha chitukuko ndi bwino. Kuloŵedwa, kapena kani, mayi maziko a cultivars ambiri kuti akakometsere Manor anakhala Pyrus communis, kapena chilombo. Izi membala wa banja la pinki, anagawira mu chikhalidwe m'madera ambiri a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya kumadzulo kwa Africa Asian, chomera chidwi kwambiri. Ndi mbali zake komanso makonda atchule buku lino.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Khalani peyala anayamba Agiriki akale. Ndi ku Ufumu Byzantine, mitengo zipatso anali m'dziko Russian. Choyamba oterewa amonke anayamba kuchulukana mu minda obisika. Mu zigawo yachifumu ya woyamba wa Romanov mzera wa Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich wakula mitundu 16 ya mitengo peyala, ndipo pamene wokonzanso Petulo Wamkulu mu Russia chiwerengero chawo chawonjezeka kwambiri, monga chaka, ku Ulaya Western kupereka mitundu zatsopano mbewu zipatso. Lero, anthu oposa 5,000 mitundu ya mapeyala, zosiyana, mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwa mitengo, kulawa, mtundu ndi nthawi ya kucha zipatso, wakula m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

mafotokozedwe

Pyrus communis - mtengo zipatso (zina zazikulu chitsamba chilichonse), m'chitonthozo cha kukula kwa 20 mamita wamtali. The awiri a thunthu chikhalidwe toyesa lalikulu zina ukufika 40-50 masentimita Young peyala zimaonetsa yaying'ono, pyramidal korona, more zaka mitengo -. Round, shirokotsilindricheskoy kapena kufalitsa. Samobesplodna chikhalidwe, T. E. Pakuti mapangidwe zipatso m'pofunika ndi awiri mtanda mungu wochokera mitundu. Mu zone ya kotentha Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka mitundu Sibiryachka malo pafupi, mdzukulu, idaluma.

Zipatso amakhala Pyrus communis kuyambira azaka 30 mpaka 200. Mu njira zambiri, durability wa mbewu anatsimikiza ndi zikhalidwe za makhalidwe kukula ndi MITUNDU.

mtengo makamaka wokongola mu nthawi maluwa, pamene maluwa zoyera kapena pang'ono pinki ali pamodzi inflorescences corymbose, yokutidwa ndi nthambi zomera wandiweyani kwa iwo si zooneka ndi sadzachitanso amalephera aswa achinyamata masamba. Kawirikawiri maluwa kumachitika pamaso pa zonse ukufalikira masamba mu mochedwa April kapena oyambirira May. Maluwa ndi n'kuwasanganiza m'munsi lili ndi stamens ambiri.

Masamba mapeyala, kuzungulira kapena chowulungika ndi nsonga zisonga ndi m'mphepete serrated - glossy, wandiweyani ndipo yosalala. Ikuphukira masamba kuli pubescent, okhwima - wamaliseche, yowutsa mudyo wobiriwira pamwamba ndi kuwala pansipa matte. Yophukira masamba a peyala, kupeza lachikasu lalanje mtundu, kukongoletsa kwambiri ndi nthawi tulo minda azikongoletsa.

zipatso

Mbewu zimapsa mu August ndi September. Zipatso - achene tingachipeze powerenga peyala woboola pakati, chowulungika kapena kuzungulira mawonekedwe. The yowutsa mudyo zamkati stony kudzakhalire kulolerana chibadidwe mapeyala. Mitundu ya zipatso zosiyanasiyana kuchokera wobiriwira ndi zachikasu pinki yofiira. kukoma ndi osiyana, nthawi zambiri kusiyana ndi astringency n'kuchiumba. zipatso zambiri onunkhira amapereka wamaluwa chikasu peyala - angapo zheltoplodnyh mitundu. Amalimidwa m'madera osiyanasiyana a zomera kubala osiyana mankhwala zikuchokera ndi maonekedwe a zipatso, koma iwo ali othandiza ndi wolemera mu kufufuza zinthu zofunika mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe kulenga wapadera m'mbali kukoma, khalidwe la mtundu winawake.

Pyrus communis zipatso kumayambira zaka 5-8. Zokolola pa mtengo ukufika makilogalamu 30 mpaka 500. Zokolola pazipita limapezeka nthawi mu zaka 1-2.

Mankhwala katundu wa zipatso

Ndi wabwino kwambiri mankhwala zakudya, mapeyala ndi nambala ya makhalidwe abwino kwambiri kwambiri. ntchito zawo atsopano zonse ndi matenda a kugaya chakudya, peyala mitundu ndi zambiri antifebrific, analgesic, diuretic ndi zotsatira lokhazikika. Izi chachikulu zachilengedwe antiseptic. Mwatsopano zipatso, komanso anaphika, asing'anga analimbikitsa matenda a matenda m'mapapo mwanga - kuchokera matenda ndi chibayo ndi zizindikiro TB. Komanso ntchito yaiwisi zipatso mapeyala - chamtengo wapatali kwambiri zopangira chakudya, mafuta onunkhira makampani distillery.

Chodzala zomera: malo Kusankha

Kukula chikhalidwe m'minda, nkhalango deciduous mitengo yekhayekha kapena zilumba yaing'ono. Kuyambira kale, zimagwidwa anabzala minda panyumba, windbreaks, pamodzi njanji ndipo misewu.

Wamba, kapena chilombo peyala - mtengo photophilous. Choncho, kuonetsetsa anatonthozedwa ndi pazipita chitukuko cha fruiting kusankha pabwalo dzuwa ndi dothi kuwala chatsanulidwa chonde. Zomera abwino wakuda nthaka, imvi nkhalango loam m'madera popanda atayima pansi. Mu peyala zakuthengo zambiri likhazikika pa mapiri kapena otsetsereka amasiyana ngalande wabwino.

Wild peyala moistureloving, chilala ndi chisanu kugonjetsedwa, koma kutentha ndi ingawononge kasupe frosts mbali ya maluwa. Popewa izi, malo chodzala mtengo ayenera kutetezedwa mphepo kumpoto.

chisamaliro

Peyala kukula kufunika chisamaliro mwachizolowezi, amene adzakhala maziko zolimbitsa glaze kupanga kudulira, Kupalira ndi tithe kumvetsa kumasulira nthaka mtengo makungwa kuwala, ndi feteleza yake, zolimbikitsa wosatsutsana chitukuko ya zipatso. Tikuzifuna ndi kutetezedwa zosautsa zosiyanasiyana.

tizirombo peyala

Ndi angati mitengo ya zipatso, peyala zosiyanasiyana tizirombo. Kakobiri, apulo duwa weevil, masamba ndi zipatso midges, njenjete, sawflies, makungwa kafadala ndi nsabwe - ili ndi mndandanda chosakwanira tizilombo kuti akhoza kwambiri kuchepetsa matenda a mtengo. Peyala tizirombo monga mbozi, agulugufe Aporia Crataegi, kupanga njira zawo masamba, ndi kudya kutali masamba ndi maluwa. Mwa mwezi wa m'chilimwe agulugufe chiikire mazira pa mbali chapamwamba masamba, ndi mbozi amatha njala zinaoneka iwo, kusiya kokha mitsempha. Ndi kugwa kwa Aporia Crataegi anakonza zoti yozizira, kuzimata mu masamba.

Koopsa ndi gulugufe-njenjete. mbozi awo kudya kutali chimachititsanso mu mphukira, umene pambuyo pake youma. Iwo kudya zamkati chipatso. Pali zosiyanasiyana tizilombo tosaoneka kuti ali kosaoneka ndi maso, koma mochepa oopsa :. peyala mudzichonga, gallic mite, etc. kudziŵa kwawo zikupitiriza, ndiponso kusapezeka kwa njira cholepheretsa amawononga zomera ndi kuchepetsa zokolola. M'mawu ena, polimbana iwo ayenera ikuchitika mosalekeza monga matabwa mosadziteteza akhoza kungoyankha kuwonongeka.

Masiteji tizilombo Control

An njira ya kulimbana ndi mavuto kuganizira peyala kasupe kupopera mitengo ya zipatso njira tizirombo. Choyamba processing "Oleokupritom" kapena "Nitrafenom" ikuchitika pamaso yopuma Mphukira ndi kuyamba Sap Kutha chiphunzitso ku ndende ndi analimbikitsa Zamkati.

Pamaso maluwa, processing ndalama yotere monga "wotsutsa-", "Zolon", "Malathion", "Neksion" kapena "metaphos".

Nthawi ya chilimwe, umakaniko kuchotsa zopotoka masamba tizirombo kuonekera zonse kulimira nthaka makungwa a mtengo, kuteteza sod. Mukakolola masamba woyera opal, ngati n'koyenera, ankachitira ndi njira ya mtengo wa tizilombo kapena Bordeaux kusakaniza.

zonsezi chingatithandize kupewa kufala kwa tizirombo ndi chomera kulenga zinthu yabwino kwambiri chitukuko.