Radio - lakuti taperekachi. Kodi kuwerenga mayina a zigawo wailesi chiwembu cha?

M'nkhani ino mudzaphunzira kodi wailesi. The kalembedwe taperekachi mogwirizana ndi mfundo boma tidzakambirana. Kuyamba ndi ofala kwambiri - resistors ndi capacitors.

Kusonkhanitsa dongosolo lililonse, m'pofunika kudziwa mmene kuyang'ana chenicheni cha wailesi, komanso mmene amalembedwa pa madera magetsi. Pali ambiri pakompyuta zigawo zikuluzikulu - transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, ndi zina zotero.

capacitors

Capacitors - ndi zinthu zimene zimachitika kapangidwe iliyonse popanda yekha. Kawirikawiri, ndi capacitors zophweka kwambiri akuimira awiri zitsulo mbale. Ndipo mu mlengalenga amachita ngati mbali dielectric. Ingokumbukirani maphunziro a sayansi kusukulu, pamene iwo anadutsa phunziro la capacitors lapansi. Monga chitsanzo, awiri lalikulu zidutswa mosabisa za mawonekedwe chitsulo chonse. Akuyandikira mzake, ndiye otalikirana. Ndipo pa chilichonse miyezo malo anachita. Tikumbukenso kuti m'malo mpweya angagwiritsidwe ntchito Mica, komanso zakuthupi iliyonse yomwe Kodi makhalidwe magetsi. Mayina zigawo wailesi pa dongosolo kunja zofunika wosiyana alendo, anatengedwa mu dziko lathu.

Taonani kuti capacitors ochiritsira sikuti kudali DC. Komano, ndi alternating panopa umadutsa popanda vuto lililonse. Kugwiritsa ntchito chuma ichi, koma condenser kumene m'pofunika nadzawasankhula chigawo variable mu DC. Choncho, n'zotheka kuti apange dera lofanana (by Lingaliro Lovomerezeka Kirchhoff a):

1. Ntchito, ndi alternating panopa capacitor wochititsa gawo m'malo ndi ziro kukana.
2. Mu kugwira ntchito, DC kugwirizana capacitor m'malo mwa (palibe mphamvu!) Fundo.

Khalidwe lalikulu la capacitor ndi capacitance magetsi. mphamvu wagawo - ndi Farad. Ndi waukulu kwambiri. Zochita monga ulamuliro, ntchito capacitors, capacitance amayezedwa microfarads, NF, microfarads. Mapulani capacitor ndiwo amaimira monga dashes awiri yomweyi, amene ali anaŵerama.

capacitors variable

Palinso mtundu ngati zipangizo, imene capacitance lisinthike (Pankhaniyi chifukwa chakuti pali kutsetsereka mbale). Mphamvu zimadalira kutalika kwa mbale (mu chilinganizo S - ndi malo ake), ndipo mtunda wa pakati maelekitirodi lapansi. The capacitor variable ndi mpweya Mwachitsanzo dielectric, chifukwa cha gawo makina a m'dera akhoza mwamsanga anasintha. Choncho, asintha ndi mphamvu. Koma zoti zigawo zamagetsi ku ziwembu yachilendo kusiyana pang'ono. resistor A Mwachitsanzo, amaisonyeza wosweka mzere limaoneka lokongola.

Mtundu umodzi wa capacitors variable - trimmers. Iwo ntchito kwambiri ziwembu limene pali kudalira amphamvu pa capacitances parasitic. Ndipo ngati inu kukhazikitsa capacitor ndi mtengo nthawi zonse, ndiye dongosolo lonse sizigwira ntchito molondola. Choncho, m'pofunika kukhazikitsa chinthu chilengedwe kuti pambuyo msonkhano komaliza akhoza kusintha ndi kukonza malo mulingo woyenera. The zithunzi ndi anatchulidwa mu njira yomweyo sadzatha, koma mbale kufanana kumugwetsera muvi.

capacitors zonse

zinthu izi ndi kusiyana mu kapangidwe, ndi zipangizo zomwe anapanga. Mukhoza kusankha mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya insulators:

1. Air.
2. Mica.
3. Mbiya.

Koma izi nkhawa yekha sanali kumalo ozizira zigawo zikuluzikulu. Pali capacitors electrolytic (kumalo ozizira). Ndi mu zinthu izi ndi ubongo waukulu kwambiri - kuyambira ndi magawo angapo a microfarads mpaka zikwi zingapo. Komanso mu zinthu izi chidebe pali njira ina - pazipita voteji limene ntchito amaloledwa. magawo zalembedwa pa matchati ndi pa nkhani capacitor.

Mayina capacitors pa ziwembu

Dziwani kuti pa nkhani ya yokonza kapena capacitors variable anasonyeza makhalidwe awiri - osachepera ndi mphamvu pazipita. Ndipotu za mlanduwu inu nthawi zonse kupeza osiyanasiyana ena amene mphamvu kusintha ngati unit tiyipukuse olamulira ngakhale wina ndi mzake.

Kuganiza pali mphamvu variable capacitor 9-240 (pofikira gawo mu picofarads). Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndi osachepera alipo mbale capacitance 9 PF. Ndipo pa pazipita - 240 PF. M'pofunikanso kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane zoti zigawo zikuluzikulu wailesi chiwembu ndipo dzina lawo kuti athe molondola kuwerenga zolembedwa luso.

Lumikizani capacitors

Nthawi yomweyo, pali mitundu itatu (zonse, pali zambiri) mankhwala a zinthu:

1. Amacita - mphamvu okwana unyolo wonse ndi wosavuta kudziwa. Zidzakhala mu nkhani iyi, ndi mankhwala a mbali zonse za akasinja, anagawa ndi ndalama zawo.
2. Yomweyi - mu nkhani iyi, kuwerengera munkalowa sizivuta. Muyenera kuwonjezera mphamvu mamembala onse a unyolo capacitors.
3. Wothira - mu nkhani iyi, dera la lagawidwa magawo angapo. Tikhoza kunena kuti wosalira - gawo limodzi lili zinthu olumikizidwa ku kufanana, wachiwiri - zonse yekha.

Ndipo ichi ndi chinthu mwachidule capacitors, mu mfundo zambiri za iwo akhoza kulankhula, kupereka chitsanzo cha ndimasewera zatsopano.

Resistors: onse mudziwe

zinthu izi zikhoza kupezeka mu dongosolo lililonse - ngakhale kuti wolandila wailesi, ngakhale mu ulamuliro dera la microcontroller lapansi. Izi chubu zadothi limene mbali yakunja unachitikira kupopera ndi woonda zitsulo filimu (mpweya - makamaka mpweya wakuda). Komabe, ngakhale graphite ingagwiritsidwe - zotsatira zake zidzakhala chimodzimodzi. Ngati resistors ndi kukana otsika kwambiri ndi mphamvu mkulu ntchito monga conductive wosanjikiza nichrome waya.

Khalidwe lalikulu la resistor wa - kukana izi. Ntchito m'madera magetsi kukhazikitsa kufunika mtengo panopa m'madera ena. Mu sayansi makalasi anali poyerekeza ndi mbiya wodzazidwa ndi madzi ngati kusintha awiri a chitoliro, ndi zotheka kuti zonse liwiro la ndege la. Tikumbukenso kuti makulidwe a wosanjikiza la conductive zimadalira kukana lapansi. The n'kakang'ono wosanjikiza izi, ndi apamwamba kulimbikira. Pankhaniyi, zizindikiro mu zithunzi zigawo zikuluzikulu zamakono Musati muzidalira pa kukula kwa mchitidwe wa.

resistors amodzi

Pankhani zinthu izi, n'lofala kwambiri ndi:

1. Metallized kutentha zosagwira lacquer - chidule MLT.
2. Madzi kukana - Dzuwa
3. Mpweya lacquered yaying'ono - ULM.

Resistor magawo awiri chachikulu - mphamvu ndi kukana. The chizindikiro otsiriza amayezedwa ohms. Koma izi unit wa muyeso ndi yaing'ono kwambiri, choncho amachita zambiri amakumana zinthu zimene kukana amayezedwa megohms ndi kiloomah. Mphamvu amayezedwa Watts yekha. Komanso, chinthu miyeso kudalira mphamvu. Ikuluikulu ndi, chinthu zikuluzikulu. Ndipo tsopano pali zoti zigawo wailesi. The zithunzi za zipangizo kunja ndi zoweta zinthu zonse lingamakumane m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

M'madera zoweta resistor - ndi rectangle ang'ono ndi makulidwe a 1: 3, kapena magawo ake Kwalamulidwa mbali (ngati mchitidwe wa lili vertically) kapena pamwamba (pa nkhani ya malo yopingasa). Choyamba kupereka Latin kalata R, ndiye - ndi siriyo nambala ya resistor mu dera la.

The resistor variable (potentiometer)

Zonse kukana awiri basi mfundo. Koma zosintha - atatu. M'madera magetsi ndi zinthu pa nyumba limasonyeza kulimbikira pakati pa anzanu awiri mapeto. Koma pakati pa avareji ndi aliyense kukaniza kwambiri zingasiyane malingana ndi malo kodi resistor olamulira. Pankhaniyi, ngati inu kulumikiza awiri ohmmeter, n'zotheka kuona mmene mtengo wa munthu mbali ang'onoang'ono idzasintha, ndipo chachiwiri - lalikulu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuwerenga dera zamakono. Chikhazikitso cha zigawo wailesi ndi sizingawononge adzadziwa.

Kulimbikira okwana (pakati pa malo mapeto) kukhalabe sichinasinthe. resistors variable ntchito kusintha phindu (ndi thandizo inu kusintha buku la wailesi, TV). Komanso, resistors variable ankagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto. Izi mlingo mafuta masensa, akulamulira kasinthasintha liwiro Motors magetsi, kuyatsa kuwala.

Lumikizani resistors

Pankhaniyi chithunzi kwathunthu n'zosiyana zomwe adali ndi capacitors ndi:

1. Series kugwirizana - impedance zinthu zonse mu unyolo apangidwe.
2. Kufanana kugwirizana - mankhwala a kulimbikira kugawidwa ndi ndalama za.
3. Wothira - chiwembu lonse unagwa ku unyolo ang'onoang'ono ndi kuchita masamu pang'onopang'ono.

Mu mwachidule, mukhoza kutseka resistors ndipo anayamba kufotokoza zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri - michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi (amatchula zigawo zikuluzikulu zamakono pa madera Standard kwa ASB, kukambirana m'munsimu).

semiconductors

Ichi ndi gawo lalikulu la zinthu zonse nyukiliya, ngati chiwerengero cha semiconductors akuphatikizapo osati kokha zener diodes, transistors, diodes, koma varicap, variconds, thyristors, triacs, tchipisi, etc. Inde, IC - .. Kodi mibulu wosakwatiwa, zimenezi zosiyanasiyana kwambiri wailesi - ndi capacitors, ndi resistors, ndi mphambano tsa-n.

Monga mukudziwa, pali ochititsa (zitsulo, mwachitsanzo), insulators (matabwa, pulasitiki, nsalu). Pangakhale zosiyanasiyana pakompyuta zigawo zikuluzikulu kalembedwe mu chiwembu (makona - zikuoneka diode kapena zener). Koma Dziwani kuti makona popanda zinthu zina anasonyeza dziko zomveka ukadaulo microprocessor.

zinthuzi kapena conductive kapena ayi, kaya chifukwa cha boma la loitanirana. Koma pali semiconductors, katundu amene amasiyanasiyana malinga enieni. nkhaniyi, monga pakachitsulo, germanium. Mwa njira, galasi akhoza mwina zimachitika semiconductors - zilibe kuchititsa magetsi, koma ndi Kutentha chithunzi kwathunthu ku chikhalidwe yachibadwa.

Diodes ndi zener

A michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi diode ali maelekitirodi awiri: a cathode (zoipa) ndi anode (zabwino). Koma kodi pali mbali pa wailesi izi? Mayina kuwona pa tchati pamwambapa. Kotero inu kugwirizana magetsi kwa anode a kuphatikiza ndi opanda kuti cathode lapansi. Mu nkhani iyi, magetsi idzayenda, kuturuka elekitirodi wina ndi mzake. Tikumbukenso kuti amafotokozera mu nkhani iyi ndi otsika kwambiri kukana. Tsopano mungachite kuyesera, ndi kulumikiza batire M'malo mwake, pamene kulimbikira wa masiku ano chinawonjezeka ndi kangapo, ndipo iye salinso akupita. Ndipo ngati diode patsogolo alternating panopa, kutsatira zonse (ngakhale ndi kusinthasintha pang'ono). Pogwiritsa ntchito mlatho dera pophatikiza awiri theka ankasinthana (zabwino).

Zener diodes, monga diodes, ndi wa maelekitirodi awiri - ndi anode ndi cathode. Kulolerana mwachindunji chinthu ichi ntchito njira yomweyo monga zafotokozedwa pamwambapa diode. Koma ngati inu tiyeni panopa zosiyana, mukhoza kuwona chidwi kwambiri chithunzi. Poyamba, zener diode si kudutsa yokha panopa. Koma pamene voteji kufika mtengo wina, ndi kusokonezeka, ndipo amafotokozera amachititsa panopa. Izi olimba voteji. katundu wabwino kwambiri, chifukwa chimene chili kukwaniritsa voteji khola m'madera, kwathunthu kuchotsa Phokoso, ngakhale zing'onozing'ono. Chikhazikitso cha zigawo zamagetsi ku machenjerero - mu mawonekedwe a makona, ndipo pa msonkhano wake - Mbali kuti ndi perpendicular kwa kumwamba.

transistors

Ngati diodes zener ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale kupezeka mu mapangidwe a, transistors angapezeke kulikonse (kupatula kudziwika wolandila a). Mu transistor maelekitirodi atatu:

1. Base (chidule mwa kalata "B" akusonyeza).
2. Wokhometsa (C).
3. The emitter (E).

Transistors umagwira ntchito modes angapo, koma nthawi zambiri iwo ntchito mu amveke ndi kiyi (monga magetsi a). Mukhoza kupanga poyerekeza ndi lipenga - anafuula m'munsi pa, nakweza mawu Anauluka kutuluka pa posungira. Ndipo emitter ndi dzanja lake - ndi choncho. Khalidwe lalikulu la transistors - phindu (chiŵerengero cha wokhometsa panopa ndi m'munsi). Ndi chizindikiro ichi pamodzi ndi khamu la ena ndi maziko wailesi izi. Kulemba pa dera transistor ndi - ndi mzere umodzi ndi mizere iwiri imene ili yabwino pa cham'mbali. ena a mitundu yofala transistors tingaone:

1. Kumalo ozizira.
2. Maganizo.
3. Field.

Palinso transistor msonkhano wopangidwa mwa kuchuluka kwa ikuthandizira zinthu. Amenewa ndiwo ambiri, pali wailesi. Kulemba chiwembu anali m'nkhani.