Regional aakulu mankhwala: kapangidwe, buku mawerengedwe

The chuma nkhani iliyonse ya la Russia zimapangitsa ntchito apakhungu zosiyanasiyana zipangizo kuwunika chuma bwino, bwino ndi zikhalidwe ndalama mpikisano osati zoweta komanso mu msika lonse. Zida zofunika kukhazikitsa bwino mfundo la feduro, umene pa Kupha disparities yapakati-dera mtundu, kulimbitsa umphumphu wa chuma ndi ndale. kudziyimira pawokha dera kumabweretsa actualization mfundo oyandikana ndi kufunika kwa chinthu monga aakulu mankhwala dera.

Information thandizo ntchito GRP

Chitukuko zachuma federalism amakhala adzafune kukhala njira kasamalidwe dera ndi njira masiku ano makonzedwe mfundo ndi kuthekera zachuma. Maziko akadakwanitsira kwa kupenda makhalidwe a msika chuma cha mtundu kuipidwa ndi dongosolo la Nkhani za dziko, kapena SNA. Maiko oyandikana, SNA akutumikira CD mtundu (dera dongosolo kuyankha). Udindo lalikulu la SNA wa mankhwala aakulu m'banja, kapena GDP. Regional analogue a GDP mu SNA - ndi dera aakulu m'banja mankhwala, kapena RVP. chizindikiro Izi zikusonyeza mlingo wa chitukuko zachuma ndi chinyezimiro cha zotsatira za ntchito zachuma za mgwirizano za mabungwe a malonda mkati m'deralo. GRP ntchito ngati maziko kwa mapangidwe nkhani dera.

Chifukwa GRP adzakhala masamu?

Ili m'dera la Russia za 89 mayunitsi utsogoleri-Kupititsa ili mabacteria osiyana nthawi, osiyana malo m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso mlingo wa chitukuko zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. GDP limangonyezimiritsa vuto ambiri mu dziko, popanda bwino kuona mmene zinthu ntchito ziwalo zake zosiyanasiyana, amene kumatha Mwina zochita cholinga. boma ndi chidwi deta, okhoza comprehensively vuto lililonse ngodya ya dziko.

Kusiyanitsidwa zambiri, gwero la ndilo dera aakulu m'banja mankhwala, amalola kukhala ndi mfundo zoyenera zachuma ndi kuwunika mphamvu zosankha osati pa mlingo dziko ndi maiko oyandikana. Ndi mphamvu GRP, osakaniza ndi mtengo ndi zizindikiro thupi, n'zotheka anapereka malangizo ndi mphamvu ya njira zachuma amene angakhale pa mlingo interregional kutumikira monga kutsogolera amphamvu chitukuko. GRP amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu mawerengedwe a zizindikiro zazikulu za citukuko ndi kusintha ubale yapakati-dera. Chizindikiro akutumikira ngati kalozera mu ndondomeko ya kufalitsa ndalama ku "Fund kwa Support Financial wa Russian Federation constituent mabungwe a m'deralo."

Choncho GRP ndi chiyani?

Regional aakulu mankhwala m'banja, kunena, zowombetsa mkota chizindikiro chuma, amakhala ndi mlingo wa chitukuko zachuma derali. Izo zimanyezimiritsa ndi khalidwe ndondomeko kupanga katundu. GRP limanena zokhudza zimene mtengo wa katundu yense ndi ntchito opangidwa m'magulu onse a zachuma mu chigawo chomwe mufuna. Mu magawo oyambirira zizindikiro kukhazikitsa mu kusanthula chuma deta lofalitsidwa pa mitengo msika. Kufufuza GRP mitengo ya mtundu lakuti zimasiyana kwambiri ndi ziwerengero mu msika ndendende kuchuluka misonkho khoka mankhwala. Ang'onoang'ono si n'komwe. GRP zokambirana lalikulu amasonyeza Uwerenge kufunika anawonjezera pa mitengo zofunika, ndi kuganizira inayake ntchito zachuma.

GRP dongosolo, kapena chimene chimaperekedwa

Gross mankhwala dera kuchita masamu malinga ndi mtengo zofunika, amene achoka pa botolo la mankhwala kapena utumiki. Misonkho ndi si n'komwe, koma atengedwa mu ang'onoang'ono kuganizira pa katundu. Gross kufunika anawonjezera kuchita masamu aliyense gawo la ntchito zachuma monga kusiyana linanena bungwe la katundu ndi mowa wapakatikati. Pa nyengo malipoti, okwana nkhani mtengo wa katundu ndiponso mwa m'dera lomwelo ndipo ndi buku la linanena bungwe. Kumasulidwa kumaphatikizapo kale anagulitsa katundu zotumikira pa mtengo msika. Ntchito kuwerengetsa kufunika pafupifupi. Ntchito patsogolo udzayesedwa kwa mu linanena bungwe lalikulu, koma pa mtengo. mowa wapakatikati zikuphatikizapo mtengo wa katundu ndi ntchito, zomwe mokwanira ntchito yopanga panthawi malipoti. Atathana chuma kwa mawerengedwe a mowa wapakatikati alibe udindo. Ndalama pa ntchito chomaliza cha GRP monga ndalama kwa mabanja, mabungwe a boma ndi ntchito losonkhanitsidwa. Kuyerekeza lalikulu dera mankhwala ndi matabwa ake, n'zotheka kudziwa magwero a ndalama chifukwa mowa komaliza.

Zosintha mawerengedwe

Mu amasiku ano si zachilendo ntchito zingapo zimene mungachite kuti GRP mawerengedwe. The njira kupanga kuwerengetsa zosonyezera ntchito pa siteji kupanga. Iye zoona, Uwerenge mtengo aakulu anawonjezera, amene anapanga ndi chilichonse pachikhalidwe wokhala nchito gawo zachuma derali. Limapeza dera mankhwala, ndi mawerengedwe a ozikidwa pa kusiyana pakati pa linanena bungwe la katundu ndi mowa wapakatikati aumbike pamaziko a mitengo katundu, kwathunthu ntchito mu kupanga unachitika pa mlingo wa mafakitale ndi kumabungwe a zachuma dera. GRP kuchita masamu pa maziko a mitengo panopa msika ndi anawayerekezera.

Kusiyana GDP ndi GRP

Gross Mankhwala Regional, amene masamu aliyense wa zigawo n'zosiyana kwambiri ndi GDP lapansi. Kusiyanitsa - ndi kuchuluka kwa mtengo anawonjezera. Njirazi ndi monga:

• Onse amene sanali msika mautumiki a mabungwe: kasamalidwe chitetezo.
• ntchito Non-msika, amene zimachokera ku bajeti, koma zokhudza palibe maiko oyandikana.
• Services a mabungwe a zachuma amene ntchito pafupifupi nthawi zonse singathe kukhala dera limodzi.
• Services zokhudzana malonda yachilendo, deta pa amene anasonkhana pa mlingo la feduro.

Gross mankhwala: NKHANI index

Kusiyana GDP ndi GRP kupanga mtengo wa kupereka msonkho chifukwa tanthauzo ndi katundu. Khalidwe limeneli ndi zovuta kudziwa chifukwa cha kulunjika ake ndi kusakanikirana m'goli pakati pa zigawo zosiyana. Gross dera mankhwala ndi dera kuchita masamu kwa miyezi 28. SAC njira limakupatsani zotsatira zambiri mofulumira. boma limagwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana njira kuwunika mphamvu ndiponso kukula kugunda. Choona chidwi ndi Uwerenge GRP onse si zogwirizana GDP, amene anatsimikiza mtima limatchula za m'midzi ndi osaphatikiza ndalama zoonjezera.

Pamaziko a deta zimene masamu GRP?

Polyhedral dongosolo aakulu dera mankhwala amasonyeza ntchito magwero angapo nthawi imodzi kuwerengera mfundo chizindikiro. Mwachitsanzo, m'mayiko CIS, akatswiri kuganizira akaundula bizinesi ndi zolembedwa za ulimi ndi malonda a ntchito mndandanda, limanena kuti ndalama kupanga. Atengedwa mu Kafukufuku chitsanzo nkhani ndi chisawawa malipoti pa maiko oyandikana. mawerengedwe wapangidwa ndi malipoti ntchito, ndipo pa maziko a Kafukufuku wa aliyense gawo munthu wa chuma, zochokera Pakhomo Survey bajeti. Chochititsa chidwi amawatenga ndi deta ya akuluakulu a msonkho ndi ziwerengero banki, malipoti, mabungwe a boma ndi deta pa kukhazikitsa osiyanasiyana bajeti.

GRP kuchita Russia

Gross Regional Mankhwala ndi Region Russia kwathunthu amadziwika mlingo wa chitukuko cha dera ndi amagwirizana ndi zizindikiro zazikulu mlingo. Iye atenge mbali ya chinthu Kupititsa mu chitukuko cha njira ndi zachuma. Maziko kuwerengetsa phindu ntchito methodological mfundo za SNA, chitukuko imene ikuchitika mu chimango cha FSGS. Buku la zotsatira pambuyo chiyanjo isanafike amadziwikanso ikuchitika pa mlingo wa FSGS.

Ulosi wa lalikulu mankhwala dera ikuchitika pamaziko a deta ndi anthu onse a zachuma dera. Zimakhala mabungwe, quasi-mabungwe ndi mabanja amene zachuma chidwi pakati ili mwachindunji ku Caucasus. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawerengedwe ndi kusanthula lalikulu mankhwala dera zinachitikadi mu 1991 pa zigawo 21. Kuyambira mu 1993, mu mawerengedwe anapezeka ndi akuluakulu onse dera ndi dera lawo. Kuyambira chaka cha 1995, adziwe ndi mawerengedwe a GRP ndi chofunika kuti kugwiritsa ntchito "Program Federal". Only m'chaka cha 1997 anayamba kuyeza mphamvu ya chizindikiro. Iwo amapereka maziko a Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko zomveka chuma dera la ulimi ndi makampani, mlandu pafupifupi m'madera onse chifukwa cha 60 ndi 80 peresenti ya okwana GRP.