Thomas Edison Alva: yonena ndi chithunzi

Thomas Edison Alva (chithunzi kukuonetsedwa kenako m'nkhani) - American zatsopano amene anawerengedwa mbiri eni luso 1.093. Iye atalenga mafakitale zasayansi kafukufuku.

Thomas Edison Alva - ndani?

Kuyambira ntchito yake mu 1863, mnyamata pa ofesi wanthambo, kumene pafupifupi ndiyekhayo mphamvu anali batire wosazindikira, ndi mpaka imfa yake mu 1931, chinkhoswe mu njira ya nyengo ya magetsi. Kuyambira Laboratories ake ndi zokambirana anadza galamafoni, ndi mpweya kapisozi maikolofoni, incandescent, chosintha jenereta ya dzuwa kuposa kale lonse, dongosolo loyamba kuyatsa malonda ndi magetsi, ndi experimental sitima ya magetsi, ndi zofunika zida film, ndi zoyambitsidwa zina zambiri.

Mwachidule yonena za ndili wamng'ono

Thomas Edison Alva anabadwa pa 11.02.1847, mu Maylene, Ohio, mu banja Samyuelya Edisona ndi Nensi Eliot. Makolo anathawira ku United States ku Canada pambuyo okhudzidwa bambo wake mu chiwembu Mackenzie mu 1837 Pamene anali 7, banja lake anasamukira ku Port Huron, Michigan. Tomás Alva Edison, womaliza m'banja la ana asanu ndi awiri, anakhala pano mpaka anayamba ufulu wa zaka sikisitini. Mu sukulu, anaphunzira zambiri, miyezi ingapo. Kuwerenga, kulemba ndi masamu anam'patsa mayi ake mphunzitsi. Iye adali kufuna kwambiri mwana ndipo anatambasula chidziwitso yokha.

Thomas Edison Alva anakhala ubwana wake, ambiri kuwerenga, ndi magwero a kudzoza lake linali Bukhu "The School of Natural Philosophy" R. Parker "Cooper Union kwa Kukwezeleza sayansi ndi luso losiyanasiyana." Chilakolako chofuna kudzilemeretsa kusintha anakhalabe naye moyo wake wonse.

Alva anayamba ntchito ali aang'ono, ngati ana ambiri pa nthawi imeneyo. Pa 13 ndinapita kuntchito wogulitsa manyuzipepala ndi maswiti pa njanji m'dera yolumikiza Port Huron kuti Detroit. Nthawi zambiri zake ufulu iye zoyenera kuwerenga mabuku sayansi ndi luso, komanso anatenga mwayi kuphunzira ntchito pa wanthambo ndi. Ndili ndi zaka 16, Edison anali nacho kale zokwanira ntchito nthawi zonse telegrapher.

Kutulukira loyamba

Kukula kwa wanthambo anali Tikafuna ulimi kulankhulana mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX, chinakula kwambiri. Izi anapereka Edison ndi anzake mwayi kuyenda, onani dziko ndi nzeru. Alva wagwira ntchito ku mizinda yambiri kudutsa United States pamaso 1868 anafika ku Boston. Apa Edison anayamba kusintha ntchito yake kwa wanthambo zatsopano. Iye setifiketi ya magetsi voti wolemba - chipangizo cholinga ntchito matupi osankhidwa monga Congress, mofulumira ndondomeko. Kutulukira anali kulephera malonda. Edison anaganiza kuti m'tsogolo adzakhala zinthu yekha akubwera mu kufunika anthu kuti akhale bwinobwino.

Thomas Edison Alva: MBIRI wa zatsopano ndi

Mu 1869 anasamukira ku New York, kumene anapitiriza ntchito pa patsogolo kwa wanthambo ndi analengedwa choyamba bwino chipangizo - ". Katundu chosindikizira chilengedwe" zida kuwombola Thomas Edison Alva, zoyambitsidwa amene anamubweretsera 40 chikwi. Madola, anali ndi ndalama zofunika mu 1871 kuti kutsegula kwa malowo woyamba yaing'ono zasayansi ndi kupanga mu Newark, New Jersey. Pa zaka zisanu iye anatulukira ndipo anapanga chipangizo, kwambiri kuwongolera liwiro ndi dzuwa la wanthambo ndi. Edison komanso kuti nthawi amukwatira Maria Stilwell ndi kuyamba banja.

Mu 1876, iye anagulitsa zonse zokolola zake Newark ndipo anasamukira mkazi wake, ana ndi ndodo m'mudzi waung'ono wa Menlo Park, 40 kukafika kum'mwera kumadzulo New York City. Edison anamanga chinthu chatsopano munali zonse zofunikira kuti ntchito katswiri. Izi zasayansi kafukufuku anali woyamba wa mtundu wake ndipo wakhala chitsanzo cha mabungwe ina monga Bell Laboratories. Akuti iye anali chidali chifuniro chake chachikulu. Apa Edison anayamba kusintha dziko.

The galamafoni loyamba

Choyamba chidali chifuniro lalikulu Menlo Park anakhala zojambulazo-galamafoni. The makina choyamba kuti sakanatha kulemba ndi kuseweranso phokoso, analenga furor ndipo anabweretsa Edison kutchuka lonse. Ndi izo, iye anabwera dziko ndi mu April 1878 anaitanidwa ku White House kuonetsa galamafoni Pulezidenti Rutherford Hayes.

magetsi

Yotsatira khamu lalikulu Edison anali chitukuko cha yothandiza nyale incandescent. Lingaliro la magetsi sanali yatsopano, ndi anthu angapo kale ntchito pa izo, ngakhale kukhala ena mwa mtundu uliwonse. Koma mpaka nthawi imeneyo, izo sichinapangidwe chirichonse chimene angakhale othandiza ntchito kunyumba.

Edison a Kutulukira mtengo si incandescent, komanso dongosolo magetsi, amene anali zonse muyenera kukhala zothandiza, otetezeka ndi ndalama. Pambuyo pa chaka chimodzi ndi theka wakhala bwino, pamene incandescent nyali, amene anali ndi carbonized filament kuwala kwa maola 13.5.

Woyamba poyera dongosolo kuyatsa unachitikira mu December 1879, pamene okonzeka ndi zovuta lonse la Laboratories mu Menlo Park. Zaka zingapo zotsatira anayambitsa ali odzipereka chilengedwe cha magetsi. Mu September 1882 anayamba ntchito woyamba malonda siteshoni mphamvu lili Pearl Street mu Manhattan, yomwe kupereka magetsi komanso kuwala kwa makasitomala pa malo kilomita imodzi. Anayamba nthawi ya magetsi.

Edison General Zamagetsi

magetsi kuunikira bwino anatsogolera zatsopano kuti kutchuka ndi chuma monga umisiri achuluke kwambiri padziko lonse. Magetsi Company anapitiriza kukhala mpaka iwo ophatikizidwa mu 1889 mu "Edison General magetsi." Ngakhale kuti mayina a zatsopano m'dzina la bungweli, iye sanali kuilamulira. Yaikulu kuchuluka kwa likulu wofunikila chitukuko cha mafakitale kuunikira, adamfunsa kukopa mabanki ndalama monga JP Morgan. Pamene 1892, Edison General Zamagetsi anaphatikizidwa mpikisano waukulu Thompson-Houston, anayambitsa dzinali linali zichotsedwa ku dzina lake.

Umasiye ndi banja yachiwiri

Thomas Edison Alva, wina moyo mu 1884 anali chodetsedwa ndi imfa ya mkazi wake, Mary, analibe nthawi zambiri kuthera Menlo Park. Ndipo chifukwa cha nawo malonda, nayamba kukaona ngakhale zochepa. M'malo mwake, iye ndi ana ake atatu - Marion Estelle Edison Thomas Alva Jr. ndi Uilyam Lesli - ankakhala ku New York. Patapita chaka chimodzi, kupumula mu nyumba mnzake New England, Edison anakumana makumi awiri Mina Miller ndi kumukonda iye. Ukwatiwo unachitika mu February 1886, ndipo banjali linasamukira ku West Orange, New Jersey, kumene mkwati adagula wake malo mkwatibwi Glenmont. Banjalo anakhalapo kuno mpaka imfa yake.

Laboratory ku West Orange

Atasamukira Thomas Edison Alva ankachita nawo zatsopano mu situdiyo zinawonongeka mu Factory Nyali mu pafupi Harrison, New Jersey. Patangotha miyezi ingapo banja lake, anaganiza kuti amange zasayansi latsopano wake West Orange, mailo kuchoka kwawo. Pa nthawi imene iye anali chuma chokwanira ndi ukatswiri kumanga okonzeka bwino ndi zasayansi lalikulu, apamwamba kuposa ena onse, ndi chitukuko mofulumira ndi yotchipa kwa kufufuza mwaukatswiri.

The watsopano zovuta nyumba zisanu chinamasulidwa mu November 1887. Atatu storey nyumba zikuluzikulu zinali mphamvu, Pangitsani makina, malo, zida zatsopano ndi nyumba yaikulu. Anayi nyumba zing'onozing'ono anamanga perpendicular kwa waukulu nyumba ya thupi, mankhwala ndi zitsulo Laboratories, ndi msonkhano kwa chilengedwe cha zitsanzo ndi kusunga mankhwala. The chachikulu cha zovuta abomawo Edison ntchito osati pa wina koma pa ntchito khumi kapena makumi awiri nthawi imodzi. Nyumba anagwirizana kapena anamanganso zofunika kusintha kwa inventor mpaka imfa yake mu 1931. Kwa zaka zambiri padziko labu linamangidwa mafakitale kwa yopanga zolengedwa Edison a. Zovuta lonse pamapeto pake anatenga mahekitala oposa 8, ndi pa Dziko Lonse Yoyamba, anthu 10,000 anagwira ntchito kumeneko.

makampani kujambula

Pambuyo kutsegula kwa zasayansi latsopano, Thomas Edison Alva anapitiliza kugwira ntchito pa galamafoni, koma kenako ku mapeto a 1870s ndi zikugwira magetsi. Ndi 1890, anayamba kupanga magalamafoni kwawo ndi ntchito zamalonda. Mofanana ndi magetsi, anaikira zonse zofunika pa ntchito yawo, kuphatikizapo zipangizo kujambula wailesi ndi kubwezeretsa, komanso zida kuti awamasule. Pankhaniyi, Edison analenga makampani mbiri. Development ndi kusintha galamafoni anapitiriza mosalekeza ndipo anapitiriza pafupifupi imfa ya zatsopano lapansi.

mafilimu a kanema

Pa nthawi yomweyo Edison anayamba kulenga chipangizo angathe kupanga diso zimene galamafoni - kwa makutu. Anakhala mafilimu a kanema. The zatsopano waonetsa mu 1891, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri anayamba zotsimikizira "makanema" mu situdiyo kakang'ono, anamanga zasayansi linkadziwika kuti "Chernaya Mariya".

Monga zinachitikira magetsi ndi galamafoni, dongosolo Integrated kwa chilengedwe ndi kuwonetsera mafilimu wakhala otukuka. Poyamba, ntchito ya Edison mu filimu ndi nzeru ndi choyambirira. Koma anthu ambiri amachita chidwi ndi ntchito imeneyi latsopano ndipo ankafuna kusintha oyambirira cinematic ntchito zatsopano lapansi. Choncho, mphatso za chitukuko mofulumira mafilimu ambiri anasankha. Kumapeto kwa 1890s izo yapita patsogolo malonda atsopano, ndi 1918 TH kuti wakhala mpikisano kuti ngakhale Edison anatuluka malonda.

Kulephera wa zitsulo

Mapanganowo magalamafoni ndi makanema mu 1890s anathandiza zoperewerazo kulephera wamkulu mu ntchito ya Edison. Kwa zaka khumi anagwira zasayansi ndi m'migodi akale chitsulo kumpoto chakumadzulo New Jersey pa njira ya m'zigawo za zitsulo kukumana kufunika kuwerenga kuti ndidziwe mphero zitsulo wa Pennsylvania. Ndalama opaleshoni, Edison anagulitsa "General Zamagetsi" onse magawo awo.

Ngakhale ntchito kwa zaka khumi ndi mamilioni a madola ntchito pa kafukufuku, iye analephera kupanga ndondomeko ya malonda yotheka, ndipo anataya ndalama zonse padera. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kusauka ngati Edison sanapitirize kukhala galamafoni ndi kanema pa nthawi yomweyo. Mulimonse mmene zinakhalira, anayambitsa analowa m'ma watsopano kukhala chuma ndi wokonzeka kutaya vuto latsopano.

batire zamchere

Edison anakhala vuto latsopano kukhala mabatire ntchito magalimoto magetsi. The zatsopano anali kutikonda kwambiri magalimoto, ndi moyo wake wonse anali mwini zosiyanasiyana ntchito pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana mphamvu. Edison amakhulupirira kuti iwo ali bwino mafuta magetsi, koma mphamvu mabatire ochiritsira kutsogolera-asidi ichi sichinali chokwanira. Mu 1899 anayamba ntchito pa batire la zamchere. Ntchito inali yovuta kwambiri ndipo anatenga khumi. Ndi nthawi yatsopano mabatire zamchere anali okonzeka, magalimoto petulo bwino kuti magalimoto magetsi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, makamaka monga njira yoperekera m'mizinda. Komabe, mabatire zamchere atsimikizira lipindulitsa pa magalimoto kuyatsa sitima ndi cabins, buoys m'madzi komanso Anthuwa nyali. Mosiyana ndi zitsulo, ndalama kwambiri kupereka msonkho makumi khumi, ndipo pa nthawi batire wakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri mankhwala a Edison.

Thomas Edison A. Inc.

Ndi 1911, Thomas Edison Alva anayamba yaikulu mafakitale ntchito West Orange. Padziko mafakitale labu ambiri, ndi ndodo zovuta kufika zikwi zingapo zinamangidwa. Bwino kutsogolera ntchito, Edison anasonkhanitsa zonse iye anayambitsa kampani mu umodzi bungweli Thomas Edison A. Inc., purezidenti ndi amene tcheyamani iye. Iye anali ndi zaka 64, ndipo udindo wake kampaniyo ndipo ndinayamba kusintha. Edison wapereka kwambiri ntchito yawo tsiku ena. Laboratory yokha akutenga zosakwana ndi kuyesera choyambirira ndi kusintha mankhwala alipo. Ngakhale Edison anapitiriza kupala kupeza eni luso kwa zatsopano, masiku a kulenga zinthu zatsopano, kusintha miyoyo ndi kulenga mafakitale latsopano, yasiyidwa m'mbuyo.

Ntchito pa chitetezo

Mu 1915, Edison anafunsidwa kumutu Naval Board Advisory. US atayandikira nawo nkhondo padziko lonse komanso chilengedwe cha komiti anali kuyesa bungwe matalente asayansi otchuka ndi oyambitsa a dzikoli zofuna za US asilikali. Edison analandira kusankhidwa. The Board sanapange chopereka kwambiri kuti chigonjetso chomaliza, koma anatumikira chitsanzo mgwirizano tsogolo bwino pakati pa asayansi, woyamba ndi US asilikali. Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, pa usinkhu wa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, Edison miyezi ingapo Long Island pa sitima ya yapamadzi, kuyesa njira kudziwika sitima zankhondo.

Golden chisangalalo

Thomas Edison Alva wa oyambitsa ndi industrialists anakhala chithunzi chikhalidwe, chizindikiro cha ogwira American. Mu 1928, pozindikira zimene anachita, ndi US Congress kupereka iye Mendulo wapadera Ulemu. Mu 1929, dziko chikondwerero cha golide chisangalalo cha magetsi. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa holide anali phwando polemekeza Edison, amene anapereka Henry Ford pa Greenfield Village owonetsera zakale mbiri yatsopano American (izo kwathunthu timawerenga kuti udzakhazikitsidwanso zasayansi mu Menlo Park). Kulemekeza Pulezidenti anapita Gerbert Guver ndipo ambiri kutsogolera asayansi American ndi woyamba.

Mmalo mphira

Zimene Recent mu moyo wa Edison pa pempho la anzake abwino Genri Forda ndi Harvey Firestone mu mochedwa 1920s. Iwo ankafuna kupeza gwero njira ya mphira ntchito matayala magalimoto. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, kupanga matayala ntchito mphira zachilengedwe yopangidwa kuchokera ku mtengo labala, wophuka mu United States. Yosakongola mphira kunja ndi kunadetsa mtengo. Ndi mphamvu ndi amve wake khalidwe Edison anayesedwa zikwi zomera zosiyanasiyana kupeza m'malo abwino, ndipo pamapeto pake anapezeka kuti m'malo a mphira zingakhale goldenrod. Ntchito pa ntchito mpaka imfa ya zatsopano lapansi.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi moyo wa Edison thanzi lake lafika poipa kwambiri. Iye ankacheza kwambiri kuchokera labu, m'malo ntchito kuchokera kunyumba Glenmont. A ulendo wa Villa banja Fort Myers ku Florida anakhala yaitali. Edison zapita makumi asanu ndi atatu, ndipo ankadwala angapo matenda. Mu August 1931 anadwala kwambiri. thanzi Edison a zaipiraipira, ndi pa 3:21 ndine October 18, 1931 zatsopano kwambiri anamwalira.

Iwo chikutchedwa tauni ku New Jersey, makoleji awiri ndi masukulu ambiri.