Russian mapulogalamu dera ndi awo kukhazikitsa

Monga owongolera zofunika kwambiri njira mwachindunji zachuma zikuchitika mu dziko, ndi mapulogalamu boma ndi dera. Iwo kuimira coherent, nthawi-womangidwa, chuma ndikukhazikitsa kapangidwe zovuta, kafukufuku, kusindikiza, gulu, chuma ndi zina ikuchitika ndi thandizo la boma.

mapulogalamu Federal ndi dera

Kwa zaka zambiri, ndi 20 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo mu Soviet Union kuti anali kufalitsa ma pulani a bizinesi drafting. Pamodzi ndi iwo amenewa anayamba ndi Integrated, kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu dera. Panopa, iwo amapereka njira yothetsera mavuto mwa sayansi, luso, chuma, yamakolo ndi chilengedwe muzochitika. mapulogalamu Federal chandamale cha chitukuko dera umalimbana ndikukhazikitsa malamulo m'munda wa chuma chikhalidwe ndi thandizo la boma. Lero, iwo ndi zachilendo, ndipo chiwerengero chawo nthawi zonse kukula. mapulogalamu chandamale dera kusiyana ndi dera makhalidwe, kulunjika ndi mfundo umembala magwero kutchulidwa. ntchito yawo ndi aphatikizire munthu, gulu, chidwi anthu mu chuma msika, yolimbikitsa kwa kukhazikitsa ntchito yaikulu.

kulunjika

mapulogalamu Regional ntchito monga chida cha boma mwachindunji ulamuliro kwa chuma msika mu gawo ina. Njira imeneyi kulamulira wayima monga mmodzi wa njira yofunika kwambiri ya chikoka pa malo vuto: watenganso, maganizo. Pa nthawi yomweyo chandamale dera dongosolo la Russia ndi bwinobwino akuyendera mu malo lolemera. Ndipo kwenikweni, ndipo mu mulandu wina, njira yoperekedwa ndi mavuto onse panopa ndi m'tsogolo. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi mapulogalamu dera m'chigawo Leningrad. Panopa tcheru ndi boma operekedwa kuwongolera moyo, chikhalidwe cha chuma St. Petersburg. Makamaka osauka mapulogalamu kulenga zinthu kukopa chuma ntchito mu mzinda.

Akamanena za ntchito yatsopano

akulimbana mapulogalamu dera ndi oyang'anira tauni anayamba lero kutchula zovuta za "msika mfulu" ndiponso "okhwima dongosolo." ntchito amapatsidwa malangizo okhwima ntchito zachuma. Pa yomweyo zolimbikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa ma chandamale zimagwiridwa pa maziko malonda. Njira kukopa ojambula zithunzi ndi njira ya padera chuma mfundo chidwi zaufulu, losonkhanitsidwa ndi munthu. Mofanana kwambiri ndi zolimbikitsa zakuthupi. mapulogalamu Regional kumafuna kutsata ndi enforceability wa ntchito zomwe munakonza gulu lonse. Amawapatsa ndi mapangano a zachuma, pamodzi ndi ya zolimbikitsa chuma, osati ntchito mfundo kupanga, monga momwe analiri poyamba.

Kusankha vuto

Kukonzekera mapulogalamu dera, ndi kutukula kuthetsa angapo mavuto methodological. The wina waukulu anafotokoza kuti kusankha vuto. Zinthu zamakono ntchito za kusintha Kupititsa ndi citukuko chuma mofulumira zokwanira. Pankhaniyi, zilipo ndalama ndi zina zonse okha. I mavuto kusankha ndi:

1. Kufunika kwa nkhani kwa dziko ndi dera lawo chuma, chifukwa kusintha structural, kulimbitsa Mwachangu a dongosolo la zachuma, kusintha khalidwe la moyo wa nzika, kupereka kasamalidwe zachilengedwe ndi chitetezo chilengedwe, ndi zina zotero.
2. The m'zigawozigawo ndi interdisciplinary chikhalidwe cha vutoli, pamaso pa asangalatsi kupanga ndi kufunika agwirire ntchito yawo. Mwachidule, mukhoza chimatanthauza muyezo ili ngati zovuta ndi tilinazo nkhani.
3. Progressiveness ndi m'maganizo a gulu, luso ndi zina miyeso, kuyembekezera amphamvu ntchito.

mbali zina

Mwa muyezo tatchulawa komanso muyenera kukhala zovuta kapena zosatheka kuthetseratu vuto mu nthawi yokwanila ntchito limagwirira msika ndi kufunika thandizo la boma. Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri, mbali iyi ndi maganizo, monga mavuto zovuta komanso mwachangu zingathe kuthetsedwa okha njira pulogalamu ndipo ndi nawo akuluakulu.

tanthauzo la zolinga

Izi si yofunika kwambiri. Chotsani pulogalamu akulimbana ndi zimenenso lathu mosamala chochitika chilichonse ntchito zothandiza aliyense, komanso ntchito za onse otenga mbali. Ntchito yaikulu ndi anabweretsa kuthana ntchito yeniyeni. Kukhala analimbikitsa likutipatsa-mawunikidwe njira. Atatero, magawano amachitidwa pa vuto chandamale kudzera zimatiyika. chiwerengero chawo kachulukidwe imagwiridwa ntchito zizindikiro wachibale zosoŵa za gawolo. Nthawiyi, kudalirika kwa njira imeneyi ndi zenizeni.

Zochita chitukuko imagwiritsidwa ntchito infrequently ntchito. Komanso, palibe mfundo muyezo zingadziŵike milandu onse. Zizindikiro umoyo ndi zachuma akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira ina. Iwo njira zina kufotokoza kaperekedwe ka ntchito za ntchito zina. Mwachitsanzo, chandamale dera pulogalamu kuteteza umoyo wa anthu ngati zizindikiro angagwiritse ntchito nthawi pafupifupi achangu. katswiri ntchito, moyo ndi zina zotero.

ziyenera a Mwachangu

Mphamvu ya chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsa wotsatira wa mwambowu anafotokoza zizindikiro zenizeni zotsatira zake. Analysis wa ubale pakati pa iwo ndi mtengo kumaonekera payekha ndi nawo mfundo zachuma, poyerekeza ndi mtheradi Mwachangu (buku la ndalama national anthu mowa Kugwirizana ndi kudzikundikira ndalama ndi zina zotero.). zizindikiro Private zimaonetsa mlingo wa magwiritsidwe gwero: fondo-, capital-, materialootdachu ndi zina zotero. Popeza mchitidwe zoweta ndi achilendo, kusinthasintha limatchula kuti zinthu msika, malingana ndi mtundu wa pulogalamu kwa kusanthula nchito zake, monga ulamuliro, Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zosiyana. Pakati pawo kukula kwa ndalama yeniyeni likulu, zokolola, nthawi payback , ndi zina zotero. Pamene kupenda, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito buku la kupanga mankhwala ofunika kwambiri, kulowa maofesi sanali kupanga ndi mphamvu yopanga mu malo, zizindikiro chitukuko sayansi ndi luso ndi matanthauzo-resursozamescheniya.

Features zizindikiro

Kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zosiyana mu mapulogalamu ndi zoonekeratu. Koma nthawi yomweyo mwa iwo mu malo oyamba ayenera kupezeka mwa mfundo. Ndi thandizo lawo, akuyerekeza mapulogalamu ndi zotsatira zake kwa dziko lonse. Komanso, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zazikulu ndi zachuma. Mapulogalamu ena kungafune dongosolo lopangira mfundo. Pamene zinthu msika kukhala apakhungu kachulukidwe ziyenera a ntchito malonda.

nuance

Nthawiyi, kufunika kwa kusanthula zazikulu chuma kudziwa Mwachangu dziko zachuma. The lamulo kufunika dziko ayenera kumwedwa akamaona dongosolo lonse zizindikiro. Mwachitsanzo, simungathe okha chiŵerengero cha zolowa likulu m'madera watenganso, monga izi zingachititse kuti chilengedwe cha dongosolo makampani kuti sakanakhoza kukomana makhalidwe ndi zosowa za m'madera komanso zinthu yaitali ya boma.

miyeso kulunjika

pulogalamu Regional zingaphatikizepo mndandanda wa njira patsogolo thanzi la chuma dera chikhalidwe. Zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, monga wosangalala zofunika mafuta ndi mphamvu chuma, lamulo tariffs, Kupha zotsatira za masoka achilengedwe ndi zina zotero. Monga sitepe yotsatira akhoza inakonzedwa zinthu ziziyenda bwino zinthu. Pakati pawo:

1. The kuchepa kwa mafuta komanso mphamvu kusowa.
2. mungathetsere stagnation m'mafakitale a specialization.
3. Kupeza zikulumikizana latsopano zachuma.
4. Polenga zinthu bwino chuma.

Mu sitepe yotsatira mwina kuchitikira zachuma kuchira zovuta. Mu chimango ichi, anthu akuyesetsa lolunjika pa nkhani ya structural kusintha ndi citukuko. Mwa miyeso chingakhale monga:

1. Chiwerengero cha zomangamanga zoyendera.
2. Complete yankho la mavuto mphamvu.
3. Kukula kwa kuthekera katundu za gawolo.

Mu njira zonse zofunika kuonetsetsa kuti:

1. Kuteteza nzika outflow.
2. Kupeza antchito aluso. Izi ndi anaonetsetsa ndi boma kulimbikitsa ntchito ndi kuteteza moyo.
3. Conservation ndi ntchito zomveka zachilengedwe.

Pomaliza

The kukhazikitsa ma dera n'kofunika kwambiri othandiza anthu. Nthawi zina pali kufunika njira pang'onopang'ono mavuto chitukuko inapita patsogolo, patsogolo, okwanira mtima zomangamanga, kuwongolera moyo wa nzika. M'madera ang'onoang'ono mwina okha osiyanasiyana mavuto, monga zochitika mu ulimi ndi nyumba maofesi, dera resettlement m'dera malire, ndi yothandiza. Mu pulogalamu iliyonse, gawo osiyana akudikira nkhani ndalama. Pakuti kukhazikitsa ntchito nawo ndalama ndi ndalama kuchokera ikatha. Komabe, ambiri a ndalama operekedwa ndi ndalama payekha.

Zogwiritsira ntchito m'gulu pulogalamu kawirikawiri ankachitira mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe zoyendera zovuta akhoza akuimira mu nkhani ya ntchito zomangamanga alipo ndi kulima ake yogwira. Nthawiyi, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, pali panopa mapulogalamu zambiri. Ambiri a iwo imvera kusintha nthawi zonse. Pankhaniyi linaphwanya cholinga chawo ndi wokhutira. Palinso nkhani ya ndalama ali kungasokoneze pa ndondomeko ya kukhazikitsa mapulogalamu.