Russian wowerengeka luso: mitundu, Mitundu Zitsanzo

Onse luso kulenga ntchito kuwalitsa moyo wa fuko maloto ake, zikhulupiriro zake, anatenga wowerengeka luso la Russia. anthu analengedwa ndi analipo ku mibadwo epics m'badwo, nkhani, nthano - ndi mtundu wanyimbo andakatulo, zinamveka ndi nyimbo choyambirira - play, nyimbo, nyimbo, ankakonda chikondwerero choonetsedwa anali nacho chuma ed - makamaka zinali chidole zisudzo. Koma iwo anayikidwa kumeneko ndi masewero ndi masewero satirical. Monga kwambiri atagonjetsa anthu zilandiridwenso Russian kuvina, zithunzi zaluso, Tirhana na Timatheriyali. Kale anabadwa ndi kuvina Russian. Folk luso Russian kumanga maziko mbiri zojambula ano ndi chikhalidwe, wakhala gwero la miyambo luso ndi mawu kudziwitsa anthu.

Pakamwa ndi kulemba

Kulemba ntchito zolembalemba anaonekera patapita nthawi yaitali kuposa ngale wapakamwa, folklore wapatali unadzaza bokosi kuyambira chikunja. Anthu ambiri miyambi mawu, miyambi, nyimbo ndi kuvina, mfiti ndi mawu amatsenga, epics ndi nkhani lamulo kwa waluntha kudzawala Russian wowerengeka luso. The wakale Russian epic anasonyeza wauzimu wa anthu athu, miyambo, zochitika zenizeni, makhalidwe banja, anafotokoza ndipo anapitiriza ntchito ya zilembo zakale. Mwachitsanzo, Vladimir ndi Red Sun, onse kalonga wokondedwa, anatumikira monga zinachitika wa kalonga weniweni - Vladimir Wamkulu, ngwazi Dobrynya - Amalume Vladimir Choyamba mbuye Dobrynia. Mitundu ya folklore osiyanasiyana kwambiri.

Mkubwela kwa Chikristu m'zaka za zana chakhumi akuyamba mabuku kwambiri Russian, mbiri yake. Pang'onopang'ono anapanga ndi thandizo Old chinenero chake Russian, amene wakhala wamba. Mabuku oyamba - pamanja, chokongoletsedwa ndi golidi, ndi miyala ina yamtengo wapatali, ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali, enamel. Iwo ndalama mtengo kwambiri, chifukwa anthu sankadziwa iwo yaitali. Komabe, ndi kulimbitsa buku la chipembedzo atagonjetsa mu ngodya akutali kwambiri a dziko Russian, chilengedwere Efrema Sirina, Ioanna Zlatousta ndi mabuku ena achipembedzo pomasulira kunali kofunika kudziwa anthu. Choyambirira ndendende Russian mabuku akale tsopano ankaimira mbiri, miyoyo ya oyera (moyo), malangizo losafuna ( "Mawu", mmodzi wa iwo - "Ikani"), kuyenda (kapena Journey, zolemba kuyenda) ndipo zosiyanasiyana Mitundu ina, osati kotero wotchuka. M'ma cinai anapereka chiwerengero cha kufunika yapaderayi zipilala folklore. Ena yonse ya nthano monga epic, akupita ku gulu la olembedwa. Choncho panali "Sadko" ndi "Vasily Buslaev," zinalembedwa kuti ofalitsa nkhani ya.

zitsanzo Folk

Nthano anali kasupe wa anthu pamtima. Amunamuna atasemphana wa Chitata Mongol goli, komanso mitundu ina ankamutama ndi mawu a pakamwa. Ndi kupyolera mu nyimbo zimenezi zinalengedwa nkhani anapulumuka masiku ano: Nkhondo ya Kalka mtsinje, kumene "makumi kwambiri ndi wolimba" ncho ufulu wathu Evpati Kolovrat, Ryazan kutetezedwa Batu, za Mercury, ankateteza Smolensk. M'nthano Russia anapitiriza mfundo kugalukira Tver ndi baskak Shevkal za tikutembenuzika Dudenteviche, ndipo izi nyimbo kutali kupitirira ukulu wa Tver. Slagateli epics zambiri kutali ana Kulikova munda zochitika, ndi akale zithunzi za Russian ngwazi adakali ntchito ndi anthu odzipereka kwa kukamenyana Golden gulu wowerengeka ntchito.

Mpaka mapeto a anthu chakhumi m'zaka za Kiev-Novgorod Russia kulemba analibe mukudziwa. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi doliteraturny donos kuti masiku athu wadutsa kuchokera mkamwa kukamwa ndi ku mibadwo ntchito m'badwo golide mawu. Ndipo tsopano madyerero a wowerengeka luso Russia, komwe zonse phokoso lomwelo songs, nkhani ndi epics zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo. Mpaka lero wakale Mitundu kuwomba monga epics, songs, nkhani, nthano, miyambi, ndi mawu, miyambi. Ambiri mwa ntchito zomwe zilipo kwa anthu - ndakatulo. Vesi mawonekedwe zikhale zosavuta kuloweza malemba, ndi chifukwa kwa zaka zambiri folklore adutsa pansi kupyola mu mibadwo ndi kusintha kwa yoyenera, otshlifovyvayas ndi wongonena luso ndi mzake.

Mitundu yaing'ono

Small buku la mankhwala ang'ono Mitundu folklore. fanizo ili: puns, lilime twisters, mawu, nthabwala, miyambi, zizindikiro, mawu, miyambi, kuti anatipatsa m'nthano. Masamu - wina maonekedwe awa luso la anthu ndakatulo chinayambira mu mawonekedwe m'kamwa. Amanena kapena zophiphiritsa, mwachuchuchu, kulankhula wamphulupulu - pofotokoza chongoyerekezera mu mawonekedwe chidule cha chinthu chilichonse, - ndicho chimene chinsinsi cha V. I. Dalyu. Mu zina mawu, wophiphiritsa chithunzi kwenikweni zochitika kapena zinthu zimene kulota. Ngakhale apa anapereka kwa folklore multivariate. Masamu kungakhale mafotokozedwe, nthano, nkhani, ntchito. Nthawi zambiri iwo ndi zigawo ziwiri - funso ndi kuyankha mikuluwiko ndi otgadki inakula. Ndi gulu, ali osiyanasiyana ndipo kumagwirizana ntchito ndiponso njira ya moyo: nyama ndi zomera, chikhalidwe, zipangizo ndi ntchito.

Miyambo ndi mawu amene anapulumuka ku nthawi ino kuchokera nthawi amakezana, ndi zoyenerera mawu, malingaliro anzeru. Nthawi zambiri, nawonso, ndi mbali ziwiri, komwe mbali ndi kuja ndipo nthawi zambiri nyimbo. Tanthauzo la mawu ndi miyambi zambiri mophiphiritsa ndipo munali makhalidwe abwino. ife tikuwona zambiri mu miyambi, ndi mawu mnogovariativnost, pali mitundu miyambi yambiri ya ndi makhalidwe omwewo. Miyambo mawu wosiyana ambiri nzeru, zomwe ndi apamwamba. The wamkulu wa iwo akale akhumi. Mbiri ya folklore Russian limanena kuti lero miyambi yambiri anabwera wamfupi, nthawi zina anataya tanthauzo la poyamba. Mwachitsanzo, kuti: "Ndi mu nkhani iyi galu anadya" akwanitse Luso, koma anthu Russian mu zaka anapitiriza: "Inde mchira nizitsamwitsa." Kuti si, si kwambiri.

nyimbo

Mitundu wakale wa Russian wowerengeka nyimbo maziko makamaka nyimbo mtundu wanyimbo. Song - ndi mtundu wanyimbo ntchito nyimbo ndi kunyozedwa imodzi kapena m'nyimbo kapena Nkhani, yomwe cholinga mwangwiro cha nyimbo. nyimbo kungakhale m'nyimbo, kuvina nyimbo, wowerengeka, mbiri yakale, ndi onse a iwo anasonyeza ngati zokhumba za munthu, ndi maganizo a anthu ambiri, nthawi zonse mu nyimbo ndi boma mkati anthu a.

Kodi pali chikondi zokumana nazo, mawunikidwe pa tsoka kaya, ngati malongosoledwe a chikhalidwe kapena banja moyo - nthawi zonse chidwi kwa omvetsera, ndipo popanda kupanga nyimbo maganizo athu a kuposa china chiwerengero cha anthu kumvera woimba chifuniro ayi. Kwambiri ngati anthu a kufanana phwando, pamene maganizo a m'nyimbo kulephereka kwa chilengedwe. "Kodi inu kuoneka ikulendewera, woonda phiri phulusa", "Ayi kuwala usiku koma miyezi", mwachitsanzo. Ndipo pafupifupi sizimabwera kudutsa nyimbo wowerengeka imene kufanana ichi palibe. Ngakhale mu mbiri nyimbo - "Ermak", "Stepan Razin" ndipo ena - izo zonse zopezeka. Kuyambira amadza izi maganizo a nyimbo amakhala amphamvu kwambiri, ndi nyimbo yokha amaona owala kwambiri.

Ndipo epic nthano

Polemba chinenero luso wowerengeka inkayenda bwino patsogolo m'zaka za m'ma, ndi mawu akuti "epic" anaonekera ndi m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi ndi kutanthauza nyimbo amunamuna khalidwe yadzaoneni. Ife tikudziwa epic, adayimba m'zaka za m'ma, ngakhale ndithudi sanali woyamba, monga siinafike ife, anataya zaka. Mwana aliyense amadziwa epic ngwazi - otchuka amene kutchula yabwino ya dziko wakutemwa, kulimba mtima ndi mphamvu: wamalonda Sadko Ilya Muromets, chimphona Svyatogor ndi Mikula Selyaninovich. The epics chiwembu kawirikawiri anali atadzazidwa ndi yofunika situational koma kwambiri Unakhala ndi wosangalatsa zoyambitsidwa: ali teleport (yomweyo Angakugonjetseni mtunda kuchokera Murom kuti Kyiv), samathanso asilikali kuti akunde ( "momwe tikonze wag - adzakhala msewu ngati wag kumanzere - Alley" ), ndipo, ndithudi, chirombo: atatu mutu chinjoka - Njoka chinjoka. Mitundu ya Russian wowerengeka luso Mitundu m'kamwa satanthauza. Pali nkhani ndi nthano.

Epics amasiyana maphwando a nkhani mu zakale zochitika kwathunthu zongopeka. Fairy nkhani ndi mitundu iwiri: Banja ndi matsenga. Banja ankaimira ambiri osiyana, koma anthu wamba - akalonga ndi mafumu, mafumu ndi mfumukazi, asilikali ndi ogwira ntchito, osawuka ndi ansembe mu zinthu kwambiri wamba. A nthano Onetsetsani kuti kukopa mphamvu wosangalatsa, Tingafinye zakale ndi katundu zodabwitsa, ndi zina zotero. Nthano zambiri wosangalala, ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi nkhani ntchito zina mtundu wanyimbo. Amasimbira zambiri Kuwina zabwino zokha, mphamvu zoipa zonse anagonjetsedwa ndi kunyozedwa munjira ina iliyonse. Bakuman mosiyana ndi nthano - nkhani wapakamwa za chozizwitsa cha zithunzi wosangalatsa, chochitika zosaneneka kuti kodi owerenga ndi kumvetsera amaona ngati ndithu. Tinafika nthano zachikunja za chilengedwe cha dziko, dziko la chiyambi, nyanja, anthu a zochita za anthu onse awiri zongopeka ndi zenizeni.

Today

Modern Russian wowerengeka luso sangathe kuimira ndendende chikhalidwe mitundu, chikhalidwe ichi - preindustrial. Pamudzi aliyense zamakono - m'mudzi zazing'ono zomwe mzinda wa - ndi Zisudzo za magulu osiyanasiyana, ndi chitukuko chilengedwe cha munthu aliyense popanda kusanganikirana kulikonse ndi ngongole sangathe. Kodi panopa amatchedwa luso wowerengeka ndi kani stylization dala, folklorisation, limene katswiri luso lomwe anauziridwa ndi zolinga yosiyanasiyana.

Nthawi zina ntchito zofufuzafufuza, ngati misa chikhalidwe ndi ntchito ya amisiri. Mu chilungamo tisaiwale kuti changwiro kwambiri ndipo akadali osauka tinganene kuti yekha zamanja - Tirhana na Timatheriyali. Pali pano, kuwonjezera pa akatswiri a chikhalidwe ndi zilandiridwenso, ngakhale kupanga kalekale kuvala conveyor ndi mwayi improvisation womvetsa chisoni.

Anthu ndi zilandiridwenso

Chimene anthu amatanthauza mwa anthu? Chiwerengero cha dziko, fuko. Koma Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia alipo makumi choyambirira mitundu ndi wowerengeka luso ndi zinthu wamba zikupezeka Uwerenge mitundu yonse. Chuvash, Chitata, Mari, ndipo ngakhale Chukchi - ndi ntchito zamakono oimba, ojambula zithunzi, mapulani musati kubwereka Chrixitu? Koma makhalidwe awo wamba m'mimba chikhalidwe elitist. Ndipo chifukwa tili, kuwonjezera zidole, tili ndi ena mankhwala katundu, amene ali kuyitana khadi yathu wamba. Osachepera chitsutso, pazipita okwana yogwirizanitsa mwa mtundu, kotero izi ndi malangizo a luso la makono a anthu a Russia. Lero:

• mitundu (folklorizirovannoe) zilandiridwenso,
• zofufuzafufuza zilandiridwenso,
• zilandiridwenso wa anthu wamba,
• zofufuzafufuza zilandiridwenso.

Kufuna ntchito zokongoletsa ndi moyo, bola ngati munthu ali moyo. N'chifukwa chake lero luso wotukuka.

Art, kulenga chizolowezi

Art ndi osankhika, chikhalidwe akatswiri amene amafuna talente kwambiri komanso ntchito - ndi chizindikiro cha mlingo wa zokongoletsa chitukuko cha anthu. Pakuti folklore ubwenzi iwo ali wamng'ono kwambiri, kupatula kudzoza: Oimba onse Mwachitsanzo, analemba nthetemya, ntchito nyimbo ya wowerengeka nyimbo. Koma iwo alibe izo, osati nyimbo wowerengeka. Heritage wa Chikhalidwe - zilandiridwenso monga chizindikiro cha gulu chitukuko kapena munthu. Chotero chikhalidwe akhoza kukhala bwinobwino ndi comprehensively. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe misa monga Chinsinsi mfiti, mphatso kwa anthu kubwereza zotheka - ndi chizolowezi, ndi aesthetics a mtundu umenewu, limene lakonzedwa kuchotsa maganizo kuchokera mechanicalness moyo wamakono.

Apa muona zizindikiro za chiyambi primordial, mu luso wowerengeka luso atamukoka mitu yake ndi njira ya Mawu. Iyi ndi njira zofala: kuluka, nsalu, kusema, kulipira ndi kuponyera, kukongoletsa kupenta, mitundu, ndi zina zotero. N'zoona wowerengeka luso sanali kudziwa kusiyana kusintha masitaelo luso kwa zaka chikwi. Tsopano kwambiri Polemeretsedwa mu chi wowerengeka luso. Mlingo wa stylization zimasiyanasiyana komanso chikhalidwe cha kumvetsetsa zolinga onse akale lendi.

Ku Tirhana na Timatheriyali

Kuyambira kalekale kudziwika wowerengeka ntchito luso la Russia. Mwina mitundu yekha amene alibe masinthidwe lofunika kwambiri masiku ano. zinthu izi kwa nthawi makedzana lero chokongoletsedwa ndi kusintha kunyumba ndi moyo dera. Rural luso katswiri ngakhale dongosolo mwachilungamo zovuta, m'pofunika mu moyo wamakono.

Ngakhale zinthu zonsezi si kwambiri zothandiza monga katundu zokongoletsa. Izi miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi malikhweru, zidole komanso yokongola mkati. m'madera osiyana zigawo ndi mitundu zawo zaluso, ntchito zamanja ndi ntchito zamanja. Wotchuka kwambiri ndi zokongola ndi zotsatirazi.

Mipango ndi samovars

Orenburg shawl - shawl ichi, ofunda ndi katundu ndi ndiwachabe mipango ndi shawls-webs. Kuluka dongosolo kuti anabwera kuchokera kutali, ndi wapadera, iwo kudziwa choonadi wosatha mu mphamvu ya mgwirizano, kukongola, dongosolo. Mbuzi Orenburzhye kwambiri wapadera, nthenga kupereka yachilendo, akhoza anawomba nsalu yopyapyala ndi cholimba. Pansi pa lopitirira Orenburg knitters ndi Tula amisiri. Iwo sanali apainiya: choyamba mkuwa samovar anapezeka mu zofukulidwa wa Volga mzinda Dubovka, kunayamba chiyambi cha Mipukutu ya ku Middle Ages.

Mu Russia tiyi anagwira pa m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. Koma choyamba zokambirana samovar akadali Tula. Limeneli liyenera akali ulemu, ndi kumwa tiyi kuchokera samovar pa paini cones kwa - ndithu paliponse zing'onozing'ono lapansi. Ali osiyanasiyana kwambiri thupi ndi yokongola - mbiya, Miphika, utoto lettering, embossing, zodzikongoletsera zolembera cranes, ntchito choyambirira cha luso, komanso yabwino kwambiri pa moyo wake. Kale m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mu Tula samovars opangidwa mpaka 1200 pa chaka! Iwo anali anagulitsa ndi kulemera. Mkuwa wokwanira sikisite anayi rubles pa pud, ndi wofiira mkuwa - nainte. Ndi ndalama zambiri.