Selo nembanemba si limodzi? Kapangidwe ndi ntchito zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana selo

Ndi nadmembrannym maofesi chomera maselo, bowa ndi zina mabakiteriya likukhudza dongosolo monga linga lawo. Nkhaniyi iyankha kapangidwe ka khoma khungu mu magulu osiyana a zamoyo, komanso Mukalongosola ntchito izo anachita. Monga amadziwika, chigawo ichi poyamba anapeza ndi English wasayansi Robert Hooke m'zaka 17. Onaninso kuti selo nembanemba palibe nyama zokhala ndi selo imodzi, ndi zamoyo multicellular, kuchokera coelenterates kutsiriza ndi inakhala: nsomba, achule, zokwawa, mbalame ndi nyama.

N'chifukwa chiyani muyenera izo

Ngakhale kuti kapangidwe ndi mipweya ya mafangasi khoma, zomera ndi drobyanok zimasiyanasiyana, selo nembanemba ntchito mofanana kwambiri. Choyamba, ndi kutetezeredwa cytoplasm ndi organelles ake ku zochita mufunika zinthu zachilengedwe.

Kenako: nadmembranny zovuta ndi thandizo anzanu odalirika komanso amatipatsa mphamvu mu zimakhala zomera ndi bowa. Pansipa tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane momwe dongosolo chipolopolo chiri cholukanalukana ndi ntchito kuti amachita.

Features a linga khungu la zomera

Kapangidwe izi zamoyo mbewu Amakhala makamaka wa polima a kalasi ya polysaccharides - mapadi. chilinganizo ake maselo n'chimodzimodzi wa masamba wowuma (C ₆ H ₁₀ O _{5) N.} Macromolecules wa polysaccharide muli zatsalira kwa beta mphamvu, ndipo ndi chabe dongosolo liniya, kotero iwo akhoza kupanga ulusi anasonkhana mu mitolo. Iwo apanga wangwiro chimango selo khoma -depth mu bokosi colloidal, amene analembanso makamaka chakudya - hemicelluloses ndi pectin. Komanso, mapadi amapezeka mbali zina za zomera, mwachitsanzo, thonje CHIKWANGWANI la 99% amakhala ndi mapadi wangwiro, fulakesi ndi hemp ali mu mtengo wa 75-80% ya nkhuni - mpaka 55%. Monga tanena kale, ntchito ya nembanemba khungu amayamba ndi tizilombo kuti minofu imene akulowa.

Kuwonjezera mapadi khoma lili mapulotini, lipids ndi zipangizo zochita kupanga. Mwachitsanzo, maselo makoma a zomera apamwamba n'ngopatsirana - horsetails - monga pakachitsulo woipa, kotero mbewu yokha chokhwima kwambiri ndi cholimba ndi inedible nyama. Mmodzi mwa zigawo pachilengedwe tsinde la zomera osatha ndipo anaitana pakamwapo, amasonkhana mu zipolopolo mafuta monga mankhwala - suberin. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, cytoplasm ndi organelles ake apasuke maselo okha sangathe kuchita kokha ntchito Kuthandiza (oprobkovevanie tsinde).

Ngati pakati mapadi ulusi kudziunjikira lignin, hemicellulose pamodzi ndi imeneyi timapitiriza mawotchi mphamvu ya mapesi ndi zimayambira ya zomera za mitundu zake, ndi inki ali lignin, chifukwa coloration matabwa. Pakhoma komanso limapangidwa pores alimbane ndi Kakhungu, yomwe zoyendera zinthu.

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana foni ya bowa

Anthu a magulu osiyanasiyana a bowa maziko chipupa chitin - ndi polysaccharide, lomwe likupezeka komanso mafupa kunja kwa arthropods ndi ena mabakiteriya. Nadmembrannye maofesi bowa muli mapadi ndi nyama wowuma - glycogen. Mwachitsanzo, kapangidwe ka khoma yisiti maselo mankhwala ukufanizidwa makamaka chakudya - glucan ndi mannan. Wall wotuluka iwo ndi mphamvu zokwanira ndipo bwino digested mu kapepala m'mimba nyama, kotero zakudya palibe mosavuta ndi yisiti si odzipereka epithelium za m'mimba yaing'ono.

Features mabakiteriya

Ngati khungu nembanemba ndi kwina protists, prokaryotes ndiye ali ndi dongosolo zovuta, kuphatikizapo murein ndi, lipoproteins ndi lipopolysaccharides, ndi asidi teichoic. khoma lipopolysaccharides kulimbikitsa guluu wolimba mabakiteriya zosiyanasiyana magawo Mwachitsanzo, ku enamel dzino kapena nembanemba wa eukaryotes. Choncho, selo mpanda wa bakiteriya koma ali katundu antigenic.

mabakiteriya ambiri pamwamba khoma yokutidwa mucous kapisozi (capsid), imene mwina udzakhazikitsidwe wosanjikiza wina zoteteza - peplos. Malinga matabwa ake, mu tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso mabakiteriya onse anawagawa galamu HIV ndi galamu-negative.

Zosiyanasiyana mabakiteriya ndi amuzolengedwa zikuchokera

njira limathandiza kusiyanitsa prokaryotes pa limatchula za dongosolo mankhwala zipolopolo awo, anali bungwe la Denmark wasayansi G. galamu mu m'ma XIX. Iye anapeza kuti mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya papezeka bwino aniline utoto ndi kupanga mankhwala khola wofiirira mtundu amapanga khungu nembanemba.

Chotero galamu prokaryotes zolimbikitsa dzina Mwachitsanzo, Staphylococcus ndi Streptococcus. Onsewo ali atengeke angapo mankhwala penicillin ndi actinomycin. mabakiteriya ena, otchedwa galamu alibe, musati Amaipitsanso ndi methyl violet. Iwo kugonjetsedwa ndi penicillin, chifukwa iwo ali olimba otsika-permeability kapisozi ndi mpanda selo. Zikuphatikizapo nsomba, Shigella, Helicobacter. The maselo mabakiteriya, amene ali osiyana mipweya, ndi yofunika microbiological makhalidwe amene amapezeka mu mankhwala ndi mankhwala.

Features wa mycoplasmas

Tiyeni akukhala pa gulu mabakiteriya ochepa - mycoplasma. maphunziro tosaoneka izo anawonetsedwa kuti selo nembanemba ndi kwina iwo, kotero mycoplasmas tcheru mankhwala ena, monga tetracycline. Mycoplasmas ndi inafalitsidwa mu chirengedwe, ndi causative nthumwi za matenda ambiri, kuphatikizapo dongosolo anthu urogenital.

Ambiri mycoplasma mu kagayidwe awo chofunika ntchito mpweya ndi ndi okhwima aerobes. Monga majeremusi anthu ndi nyama, iwo kuchulukitsa mofulumira, monga zikuchokera selo nembanemba kukhalapo kwa mafuta m'thupi, umene ndi gawo lapansi yabwino kwa kukula ndi kubalana wa mycoplasmas.

Anatengera mu losavuta

Poyambirira, ife otchulidwa chakuti selo nembanemba ndi kwina ciliates ndi nyama zina zokhala ndi selo imodzi, mwachitsanzo, rhizopods. Maphunziro anapeza kuti protista muli angwiro nyama chamoyo, amene ali ndi ntchito zonse: kukula, kubereka, zakudya, kupuma, excretion. Komanso, kukhala mu malo m'madzi kapena m'nthaka lonyowa protists anachita kupyolera woonda Kakhungu mayendedwe a madzi ndi mchere salt, amene ali malo kunja ndi akutali plasma Kakhungu kudzera pores nazo malonda kagayidwe kachakudya. Choncho, palibe zovuta unicellular nyama nadmembrannyh maofesi kuti ndi idioadaptatsy ku mbali yozungulira zinthu.

Kuti Kuteteza ndi kusunga umphumphu wa mogwirizana chipolopolo ndi pelikulu - lolemererapo kunja wosanjikiza ectoplasm. Chifukwa pelikule ndi elasticity ndi durability anakhalabe mawonekedwe zonse za thupi nyama.

Mu pepala ili, dongosolo ndi mankhwala zikuchokera nembanemba selo wakhala kuphunzira khalidwe la chomera maselo a zamoyo, komanso tizilombo bowa.