Chomera selo. Features la zomera maselo

Thupi la zamoyo akhale amodzi Gawo limodzi, gulu lawo kapena kuwundana yaikulu zilipo mabiliyoni nyumba ya pulayimale. Dama ambiri zomera apamwamba. Kuphunzira maselo - amafotokozera yaikulu ya kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya zamoyo - ndi chinkhoswe mu cytology. nthambi imeneyi ya zamoyo anayamba mofulumira pambuyo Mipukutu ya ku elekitironi maso, kuwongolera koromatogarafe ndi njira zina za sayansi. Taonani zinthu zofunika komanso zinthu zimene selo zomera ndi osiyana ndi dongosolo kakang'ono mayunitsi structural mabakiteriya, bowa ndi nyama.

Inayambira maselo R. Hooke

Chiphunzitso cha ting'onoting'ono nyumba zidutswa za moyo zonse kusintha, amayezedwa mazana a zaka. Kapangidwe ka nembanemba wa zomera maselo choyamba ndinawona mu maso British wasayansi Robert Hooke. kamba General selo kungoganizira anakonza Schleiden ndi Schwann posankha anapezazo ofanana ndi ofufuza ena.

England Robert Hooke bwinobwino ndi maso gawo la Nkhata Bay thundu, n'kupereka zotsatira pa msonkhano wa Royal Society ku London pa April 13, 1663 (malinga ndi zina, chochitika chinachitika mu 1665). Kunapezeka kuti khungwa mtengo wapangidwa maselo ting'onoting'ono Hooke "maselo." Makoma a zipinda izi mu dongosolo mu mawonekedwe a uchi, ndi wasayansi nkhaniyi wamoyo ndi M'mimbamo anazindikira opanda moyo dongosolo wothandiza. Kenako anatsimikiza kuti mu zomera ndi nyama maselo muli chinthu chimene, akapanda ichi moyo wawo, ndi ntchito za chamoyo wonse.

chiphunzitso selo

An anapeza zofunika ndi R. Hooke anayamba kupanga ntchito ndi akatswiri ena amene aphunzira kapangidwe ka maselo a nyama ndi zomera. Similar zinthu structural anati asayansi magawo tosaoneka multicellular bowa. Anapeza kuti mayunitsi structural zinthu zamoyo ndi luso kugawikana. Kuchokera pa maphunziro ndi oimira sayansi kwachilengedwenso ku Germany M. Schleiden ndi T. Schwann anakonza za amanena kuti anakhala chiphunzitso selo.

Kuyerekezera maselo a nyama ndi zomera ndi mabakiteriya, algae ndi bowa walola ofufuza German kuti afike pomvetsetsa zotsatirazi: Robert Hooke anatulukira "kamera" - mfundo structural mayunitsi, ndi kufika iwo mu njira ya moyo pa mtima wa zamoyo zambiri padziko lapansi. Kuwonjezera zofunika yotentha ndi R. Virchow mu 1855, tingadziwe kuti magawano selo - njira yokhayo malo kuswana. Chiphunzitso cha Schleiden-Schwann ndi zosintha ochuluka amalandiridwa zamoyo.

Cell - amafotokozera zing'onozing'ono za kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya zomera

Malinga ndi chakudya ongolankhula wa Schleiden ndi Schwann, dziko organic ndi amene atsimikiza chimodzimodzi dongosolo tosaoneka nyama ndi zomera. Kupatula ochokera awiri awa, kuli selo ndi khalidwe la bowa, mabakiteriya, pakalibe mavairasi. Kukula ndi chitukuko cha zamoyo amaperekedwa ndi zikamera wa maselo atsopano mu ndondomeko ya kugawa anthu alipo.

Multicellular chamoyo - osati kudzikundikira zinthu structural. Small mayunitsi structural kucheza ndi mzake kupanga zimakhala ndi ziwalo. Tating'ono zamoyo moyo kwayekha, zomwe si kuwaletsa kulenga ankawalamulira. Mbali yaikulu ya maselo:

• luso kuli palokha;
• kagayidwe mwini;
• kudziletsa kubalana;
• chitukuko.

Mu zamoyo wa moyo wa aliyense wa njira zofunika kwambiri kulekana kwa phata ku cytoplasm kudzera nembanemba ndi zoteteza. Communication lili, chifukwa popanda nyumba awa akhoza kukhala kuti palibe. Tsopano kuonetsetsa awiri superkingdom - zamoyo sanali nyukiliya ndi nyukiliya. Gulu lachiwiri tichipeza zomera, bowa ndi nyama zomwe zikugwira kuphunzira zigawo zogwirizana a sayansi ndi zamoyo ambiri. Chomera selo ali ndi phata, cytoplasm ndi organelles, umene otchulidwa pansipa.

A zosiyanasiyana zomera maselo

Kumayambiriro kwa vembe kucha, maapulo kapena mbatata Tingaone ndi wamaliseche diso kapangidwe "selo", wodzazidwa ndi madzi. Izi parenchyma maselo zipatso ndi awiri a 1 mm. Bast ulusi - dongosolo elongated ndi kutalika zayamba kuposa m'lifupi. Mwachitsanzo, chomera selo, ndilo lotchedwa thonje kufika kutalika 65 mm. Bast CHIKWANGWANI fulakesi ndi hemp ndi miyeso liniya a 40-60 mm. maselo ambiri kuli -20-50 microns. Taganizirani timeneti nyumba zingatipunthwitse zitha kukhala pansi maso a. Features wa mayunitsi zing'onozing'ono za dongosolo mbewu thupi akuwonetseredwa osati mawonekedwe ndi kukula kusiyana, komanso mu ntchito anachita monga mbali ya zimakhala ndi.

Chomera selo: mbali yaikulu ya kapangidwe ndi

Phata ndi cytoplasm ndi mosamala zogwirizana ndi kucheza ndi mzake, lomwe zikutsimikiziridwa ndi asayansi kafukufuku. Izi ndi mbali yaikulu ya selo eukaryotic, zimadalira iwo zinthu zina zonse kukonza. Ngale ntchito kudzikundikira ndi kulanda mudziwe majini wofunikila kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni.

British wasayansi Robert Brown mu 1831, kwa nthawi yoyamba mwaona selo mbewu za maluwa banja thupi wapadera (phata). Icho chinali pakati atazunguliridwa ndi theka-cytoplasm. Dzina la mankhwala ali kumasulira kwenikweni kuchokera Greek kuti "unyinji wa maselo chachikulu." Kungakhale madzi kapena viscous, koma osati TACHIMATA ndi Kakhungu. Akunja maselo m'chimake Amakhala makamaka wa mapadi, lignin, phula. La makhalidwe omwe kusiyanitsa maselo a zomera ndi nyama, - pamaso pa izi khoma lolimba cellulosic.

Kapangidwe ka cytoplasm ndi

The gawo lamkati la selo mbewu wodzazidwa ndi hyaloplasm inaimitsidwa granules m'menemo ting'onoting'ono. Pafupi otchedwa chipolopolo endoplasma umakhala viscous ekzoplazmu. Ndi zinthu izi, zimene wodzazidwa ndi selo zomera, amatumikira monga malo a zochita amuzolengedwa ndi kugwirizana zoyendera ndi mayikidwe a organelles ndi inclusions.

Pafupifupi 70-85% ya cytoplasm wa madzi, 10-20% ndi mapuloteni, ndi mbali zina mankhwala - chakudya, lipids, mankhwala mchere. chomera maselo ndi cytoplasm, mmene pakati mapeto umatuluka kaphatikizidwe alipo bioregulators ntchito ndipo m'malo zinthu (mavitamini, michere, mafuta, wowuma).

pachimake

Kuyerekezera zomera ndi nyama maselo kungasonyeze kuti iwo ndi ofanana nyumba phata mu cytoplasm ndi agwilitse 20% voliyumu yake. The England R. Brown, nthawi woyambayo ankaona pansi pa maso imeneyi n'kofunika ndipo sadzatha zikuluzikulu za eukaryotes zonse, nampatsa dzina la ku Latin mawu phata. Maonekedwe mtima zambiri correlates ndi mawonekedwe selo ndi kukula, koma nthawi zina zosiyanasiyana. zinthu Tiyenera kukonza - Kakhungu karyolymph, ndi nucleolus ndi chromatin.

Mu Kakhungu ndi kulekanitsa phata ku cytoplasm, pali pores. Pambuyo zinthu zimenezi kulowa ku phata kwa cytoplasm ndi kumbuyo. Karyolymph ndi madzi kapena viscous zili m'madera nyukiliya chromatin. The nucleolus lili asidi ribonucleic (RNA), ozama mu cytoplasm wa ribosome mbali pa kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Other mkati asidi - deoxyribonucleic (DNA) - ndi pano lalikulu zedi. DNA ndi RNA anali woyamba anatulukira maselo nyama mu 1869, anadzapeza zomera. Pachimake - ndi "malo ulamuliro" njira okhudza maselo ambiri, kusungiramo malo nkhani ya makhalidwe cholowa cha lake lonse.

Endoplasmic reticulum (EPS)

Kapangidwe ka maselo nyama ndi zomera ali kuyandikana amphamvu. Zopezeka mu cytoplasm wa tubules lamkati wodzazidwa ndi chiyambi osiyana ndi zikuchokera thunthu. Granular zosiyanasiyana EPS yosiyana pamaso pa mtundu ribosomes yosalala padziko Kakhungu. Loyamba ndilochokera nawo kaphatikizidwe mapulotini, wachiwiri n'chofunikira mu mapangidwe chakudya lipids. Monga Ofufuza anakhazikitsa, mitsinje osati umalowa mu cytoplasm, iwo zokhudzana lililonse organelle ya selo lamoyo. Choncho, phindu la EPS ndi wofunika kwambiri kukhala membala wa kagayidwe, ndi dongosolo kulankhulana ndi chilengedwe.

ribosomes

Kapangidwe ka zomera maselo kapena nyama N'zovuta kulingalira popanda particles aang'ono amenewa. Ribosomes ang'ono kwambiri, iwo akhoza amangoona kudzera elekitironi maso. The zikuchokera maselo amachuluka mapulotini mamolekyulu ribonucleic asidi, pali zazing'ono kuchuluka kashiamu ndi magnesium ayoni. Pafupifupi onse maselo anaikira RNA mu ribosomes, iwo amapereka mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe, "kutola" wa kwa amino zidulo mapuloteni. mapulotini kenako zimalowa njira ndi EPS kufala maukonde mu selo, kudutsa mu pakati.

mitochondria

organelles maselo amenewa kupeza zomera mphamvu, iwo Tingaone ndi kuwonjezeka mu wamba kuwala maso. chiwerengero cha mitochondria zimasiyanasiyana malire lonse, angakhale mayunitsi monga ambiri kapena masauzande. Organelle dongosolo si ndi zovuta, pali nembanemba awiri ndi masanjidwewo mkati. The mitochondria zigwirizana zamadzimadzi mapuloteni, DNA ndi RNA, ali ndi udindo kwa biosynthesis wa ATP - adenosine triphosphate. Pakuti mankhwala zomera kapena nyama maselo yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa phosphates atatu. The pogawanikana pamawere ya aliyense wa iwo amatipatsa mphamvu koyenera kuti njira zonse kwambiri selo palokha, ndipo thupi lonse. Tikawonetsetsa kujowina zatsalira asidi phosphoric limachititsa kusamutsa ndi sitolo mphamvu monga mu selo.

Taonani chithunzi pansipa pa organelles selo ndi dzina amene mukudziwa kale. Onani kuwira lalikulu (vacuole) ndi plastids zobiriwira (chloroplasts). Tikambirana delshe.

Golgi zovuta

Zovuta tichipeza selo organoid nembanemba pellet ndi vacuoles. Zovuta chinamasulidwa mu chaka cha 1898 ndipo dzina lake pambuyo pa zamoyo Italy. Features la zomera maselo ali ngati wogawana kufalitsa Golgi particles mu cytoplasm lapansi. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti zovuta chofunika kwa lamulo la madzi okhutira ndi zinyalala mankhwala, kuchotsa zinthu owonjezera.

plastids

Bzalani minofu maselo muli organelles wobiriwira. Komanso, pali colorless, chikasu ndipo lalanje plastids. Kapangidwe awo ndi ntchito za mitundu chomera anasonyeza mphamvu, ndipo amatha kusintha mtundu chifukwa zochita mankhwala. The mitundu ikuluikulu ya plastids:

• lalanje ndi chromoplasts chikasu anapanga carotene ndi xanthophylls;
• chloroplasts munali wotchedwa chlorophyll mbewu, - ndi pigment zobiriwira;
• leucoplasts - colorless plastids.

Kapangidwe ka maselo chomera amagwirizana ndi akulalikira ndi zochita mankhwala kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic kwa mpweya woipa komanso madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kuwala. Dzina la ndondomeko lodabwitsali ndi zovuta - photosynthesis. Zochita akutsatiridwa chifukwa wotchedwa chlorophyll, thunthu amatha kugwila mphamvu ya mtengo kuwala. Kukhalapo kwa pigment wobiriwira ndi chifukwa mtundu khalidwe la masamba, zimayambira udzu, zipatso zosapsa. Wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi ofanana mu dongosolo kuti hemoglobin, mwazi wa nyama ndi anthu.

Wofiira, wachikasu ndi lalanje mtundu ziwalo zosiyana mbewu chifukwa kukhalapo maselo chromoplasts. maziko awo ndi gulu lalikulu la carotenoids mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kagayidwe. Leucoplasts udindo kaphatikizidwe ndipo kudzikundikira wowuma. Plastids kukula ndi kuchulukana mu cytoplasm, ndi kusuntha naye nembanemba lamkati la selo mbewu. Iwo ali olemera mu michere, ayoni, zina mankhwala biologically yogwira.

Kusiyana mu dongosolo tosaoneka magulu akuluakulu a zamoyo

maselo ambiri amafanana thumba ting'onoting'ono wodzazidwa ndi corpuscles ntchofu, granules ndi thovu. Nthawi zambiri pali inclusions osiyana mu mawonekedwe a mibulu olimba, mchere, madontho mafuta, wowuma granules. maselo a mu kukhudzana pafupi zikuchokera zomera zimakhala, moyo ambiri zimadalira ntchito zing'onozing'ono mayunitsi dongosolo kupanga unit.

Pamene pali specialization a dongosolo multicellular kuti chimaoneka pa maudindo osiyana thupi ndi ntchito za zinthu zing'onozing'ono structural. Atsimikiza makamaka ndi malo a minofu masamba, mizu, umatheka, kapena ziwalo zobereka mbewu.

Ife kukuwonani kunja zinthu zazikulu za mayeso, chomera selo ndi mayunitsi pulayimale ya kapangidwe ka zinthu zina zamoyo:

1. Wandiweyani chipolopolo khalidwe chabe zomera, aumbike mwa CHIKWANGWANI (mapadi). Mu bowa, Kakhungu tichipeza ndi chitin cholimba (a mapuloteni wapadera).
2. Maselo a zomera ndi bowa amasiyana mtundu chifukwa kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa plastids. Chotero ng'ombe, monga chloroplasts, chromoplasts ndi leucoplasts, pano yokha mu cytoplasm wa mbewu.
3. Pali organelles chimene chimasiyanitsa nyama - ndi centriole (pakati khungu).
4. Only mu maselo a zomera kupereka ankasungidwa vacuole wodzazidwa ndi nkhani madzi. Mwachibadwa, izi kuyamwa selo akuda inki ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
5. Main yopuma pawiri mbewu chamoyo - wowuma. Bowa ndi nyama kudziunjikira glycogen maselo awo.

Pakati pa Seaweed kudziwika ambiri osakwatiwa, free moyo maselo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati thupi wodziimira payekha chlamydomonas. Ngakhale zomera amadziŵika nyama ndi kukhalapo kwa mpanda mapadi selo, koma maselo nyongolosi posoŵa amenewa chipolopolo wandiweyani - ichi ndi chitsimikizo chokwanira cha umodzi wa dziko organic.