Sitima zapamadzi mndandanda wa Russia: History

Chirengedwe cha woyamba m'madzi chotengera mu Russian Ufumu akhoza zimachitika ku 1921. Ndiye, mwa lamulo la Peter Ine Russian kalipentala Efimom Nikonovym linamangidwa ndi sitima zapamadzi choyamba, wodziwa mbiri ya Russia. M'madzi mndandanda wa Russia, chilengedwe cha zomwe zinakonzedwa kwa zaka yotsatira analenga makamaka pa pepala, koma pali ena amene anavomereza. Choncho, 50 sitima zankhondo, kulengedwa ndi injiniya Chipolishi Russian anamasulidwa mu 1879 mpaka 1881 mu Russia S. K. Dzhevetskim, amene Komabe, ntchito kokha kuchokera ku mphamvu akulu. Mbiri ya Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo monga mbali ya yapamadzi ya dziko kuyambira 1906. Zinali ndiye kuti Mfumu Nicholas II zinasaina lamulo pa pochimanga. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Russian Ufumu, panali 10 sitima zankhondo.

Kujambula sitima zapamadzi zombo

Kumayambiriro kwa XIX-XX zaka. mu utsogoleri wa Russian Ufumu anayamba bwinobwino kufunika kulenga nkhondo yake sitima zapamadzi. Izi chifukwa cha kufunika chitukuko bwino chotero makampani shipbuilding ku Europe ndi ku United States. atsogoleri Part shipbuilding ankakhulupirira kuti Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo ayenera analenga likuvutika kupanga yachilendo. Part wa mfundo yoti Russian Ufumu ayenera luso yake ndi mabizinezi kwa kupanga sitima zankhondo.

Chinthu molimba kasamalidwe shipbuilding, anali kulephera wa ndikupeleka ntchito yobweretsa sitima zankhondo US kunkhondo ku Russia. Pambuyo pa chisankho anapangidwa kupanga zoweta Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo.

Woyamba nkhondowo sitima zapamadzi sitima zoyendetsedwa ndi injini mafuta, izo unayambitsidwa mu 1904. chombo uyu anali wowonongayo "Dolphin" umatchedwanso kuti wowonongayo nambala 133. "Dolphin" anali ndi mwayi pa anzawo yachilendo. Iye anali tonnage cha 113/135 m, anakula liwiro 9 mfundo padziko ndi mayunitsi 4.5 m'madzi. Pamene inu muli pansi pa madzi bwato limayenda pa ndalama za galimoto magetsi ndi akanakhoza kupanga mabomba osiyanasiyana mpaka 28 miles.

Komabe, kuyambira 1906, ndi kusaina mfumu lamulo wapadera pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu lopatulika la zombo - sitima zankhondo, ndipo anaganiza kuwerenga mbiri yawo. Shipbuilding makampani a dziko lapansi kwambiri kutukuka kwambiri mu zaka kudza. Pofika 1917, Russian sitima sitima zapamadzi zombo inkakhala 73 subsea chotengera.

Kukula kwa sitima zapamadzi zombo mu USSR

Zaka utasintha ndi Civil nkhondo yokakamiza onse a makampani shipbuilding dziko ali pafupifupi stagnate kwa zaka zambiri. Only mu 1926, izo udakhazikitsa dongosolo umalimbana ndi kutsitsimutsa kamodzi wamphamvu Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo. Ndi kwa nthawi limayamba kubwezeretsa zitsanzo akale, komanso kulenga atsopano. Choncho, poyamba pa zonse izo anapereka kwa sitima zapamadzi-mtundu "Decembrist" maboti. Six mabwato ameneŵa anamasulidwa mu zaka kubwera. Iwo m'malo wakale "Mabala" ndipo anali pa makhalidwe nthawi si patukani ntchito zitsanzo yachilendo. Choncho, sitima zapamadzi Soviet angafikire liwiro mpaka 14 mfundo ndi kukhala ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana ndi theka mailosi zikwi zitatu. Komanso, iwo anali asanu machubu looneka ndi akhoza kumakhalamo anthu 53. Osati chinthu chaching'ono mu chitukuko bwino shipbuilding mu dziko, ndipo anaikidwa ku positi mutu wa kapangidwe amasinthira luso injiniya B. M. Malinina.

Dziwani kuti Soviet Union wakhala akuchita mogwirizana m'munda wa shipbuilding ndi Germany. Choncho, akonzekeretse sitima zankhondo "Decembrists" ku Germany anapulumutsa diesels. Komanso, akatswiri German akhala akupereka thandizo luso m'kati kupanga sitima zapamadzi-mtundu S. Iwo ndi makhalidwe mkulu nkhondowo, ndipo anayambitsa mwakhama Soviet apanyanja. Kuwonjezera pa kusamutsidwa lalikulu - matani 1073 - sitima zankhondo za kalasi C akafuna liwiro la 19,5 mfundo ndi kupanga ikuthamanga osiyanasiyana kuti 8.200 miles. Iwonso zoikamo asanu oponya.

Kupambana Special wa shipbuilding zoweta panthawi imeneyo anali kapangidwe ndi kumanga mtundu sitima zapamadzi K. Iwo ali nkhokwe chidwi, wopangidwa mwa machubu oponya khumi ndi siteshoni amphamvu kwambiri wailesi. Komanso, sitima zapamadzi K-mtundu anali basi kutali dongosolo kulamulira kumiza ndi emersion. Chimakhudza imathamanga mfundo mpaka 21, ndi osiyanasiyana kusambira ake yodabwitsa osiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo - kwa 14.040 miles.

nthawi unawonongedwa

Kukula kwa makampani shipbuilding mu nthawi unawonongedwa amakhala ndi kulumpha ikuluikulu ya zida luso sitima zankhondo, kuwongolera kwambiri ntchito yawo. Sitima zankhondo pambuyo nkhondo kupanga wogwidwa imathamanga ndithu kumiza kuya kuchuluka, ambiri machubu oponya. Komanso, kuchuluka tonnage mwa sitima zankhondo ndi nthawi ya navigation yoyenda yokha.

Komabe, vuto lalikulu linali dizilo-magetsi maboti chipangizo. M'mawu ena, okonza ankafunika kumanga galimoto limodzi kwa onse freeboard kusambira m'madzi.

Komabe, mu nthawi iyi ife chinayamba ambiri zikuluzikulu sitima zapamadzi. Iwo, pamodzi ndi nyanja anali mitundu iwiri ya zipangizo alipo sitima zapamadzi. sitima zankhondo Soviet anatha kuperekedwa nthawi imene m'nyanja ya dzikoli ndipo ankachita zinthu nzeru kumeneko.

Komabe, komabe akayanjana ndi luso akamagwiritsa bwato imathamanga mkulu, komanso kufunika Yokwerera kawirikawiri batiri ndi kulamulira mpweya okwanira. Ngakhale izi, nkhondo itatha, Soviet Union anali ndi mwayi wapadera pa mphamvu ena, kuphatikizapo a United States, khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa kwaiye ziwiya m'madzi. Choncho, chapamwamba wakhala akwaniritsa mu makhalidwe ofunika kwambiri monga liwiro, kuya kumiza, Luso ndi oyendetsa kupirira.

Popeza theka lachiwiri la 50s lapansi. dziko umayambira siteji latsopano mu chitukuko cha sitima zapamadzi shipbuilding. Tsopano cholinga chachikulu cha makampani shipbuilding ndi chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha nyanja kupita nyukiliya sitima zankhondo chida. Maboti amenewa anali, kulikonse mu nyanja dziko, chifukwa nyukiliya kuponya mabomba pa udindo wa pamalo abwino zofunika mdani. Iwo anali okonzeka ndi chodzitetezera oponya.

mtundu wina wa sitima zapamadzi ndiye chotengera wosiyanasiyana kuti anachita kulengedwa kuti kupanga reconnaissance ndi kulondera ntchito, komanso kuthana ndi sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya, kugwira chiwonongeko cha zombo za adani, ndi zotengera zoyendera.

Creation mwa sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa

Creation a sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya mu 1958 anatsegula chida chatsopano mu chitukuko cha sitima zapamadzi shipbuilding. Chifukwa vuto nyukiliya Shipbuilding za kulephera kwa chotengera m'madzi pansi pa madzi ambiri nthawi wakhala ukasintha kuthetsedwa. Komanso, kupanga sitima zankhondo nyukiliya kuloledwa kwambiri pa liwiro patsogolo zawo monga pa madzi ndi pansi pa madzi.

Kuchotsa galimoto mphamvu ya ngalawa wakhala akamayamba kwa nthawi yaitali. Sitima zankhondo sanathe kuchita zambiri m'madzi pamadzi chifukwa otsika mphamvu Motors ake magetsi, ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse bwino. injini petulo sanali bwino kwambiri mu ntchito yawo. Ndipo pambali, kufunika Yokwerera pafupipafupi amayambidwa komanso kusowa nthawi zonse kubwezeretsanso mpweya okwanira.

Choyamba nyukiliya sitima zapamadzi chombo analengedwa ndi Soviet Union mu 1958, anali K3 "Leninsky Komsomol". Bookmark chotengera anapangidwa mu 1955. Iwo anali ndi zambiri ziwonongeke. Ambiri a zigawo zikuluzikulu za kamangidwe kake apangidwa makamaka ake. Choncho, muyezo sichinayambe ntchito sitima zapamadzi alumikizana, koma udaikidwa kuti kuti azipeza zochititsa yodutsira izo. Poona zimenezi, komanso, ndithudi, riyakitala nyukiliya, kuyesa bwato wafika liwiro 28 mfundo. Komanso, chifukwa izi sizinali yabwino, chuma bwato zinkagwira ntchito pa mphamvu zonse. Sindinapeze ake, monga taonera kale, ndi zilema, ndi mbali unreasoned. Choncho, sitima zapamadzi analibe anangula yopuma magudumu dizilo ndi mwayi wodziteteza. Ndipo pambali, iye anali machenjerero zochepa.

Komabe, tisaiwale kuti mwapadera analengedwera masanjidwe iye analola kuphunzitsa anthu m'tsogolo ogwira pamaso kufalitsidwa ndi kuwasandutsa akatswiri, kotero kuti nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa sitima zapamadzi anatha yomweyo pambuyo pa kulenga amagwirira ntchito zake. Russian nyukiliya sitima zapamadzi zombo zinathandiza kuti kusunga malo chitsogozo cha dziko mu USSR komanso kuteteza ufulu wodzilamulira mu 90 a.

Kukula kwa makampani mu 70-90-ntchentche.

Cha m'ma 60 - oyambirira 70 ntchentche. Tinayamba kukhala sitima zankhondo wachiwiri m'badwo. Iwo yodziwika ndi mtengo mkulu wa liwiro, bwino moyo ntchito. M'madzi ziwiya m'badwo wachiwiri akhala okonzeka ndi electrochemical dongosolo mpweya mpweya wabwino m'malo lotha mankhwala woopsawo. Iwo ali bwino zida zamagetsi.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1967 mpaka 1992 pa zomera zitatu 48 sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya dziko la zinamangidwa. Kuyambira 1973 mpaka 1982 Soviet Union linkapereka 18 dizilo-magetsi sitima zankhondo, ndi phokoso-kungolandira mphira TACHIMATA nyumba. luso Izi chikupezeka chochuluka manyazi awo. Komanso, zolongosoka kwambiri pa iwo ano miyezo ya nthawi imeneyo, injini dizilo anaikidwa.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro 80 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, tinayamba akonzenso ndi kukhazikitsa mbadwo wachitatu wa ziwiya m'madzi. Chosiyana ndi mbali yaikulu ndi chipangizo zambiri zida ndipo kwambiri adakula tonnage chombocho. Komanso, ntchito ikuchitika, ndi kusintha sitima zankhondo chozemba, ndi kusintha kudziwika kwawo kwa mdani. Liwiro Maboti akhoza kukhala 35 mfundo. Mikhalidwe amoyo ndi adalira. Komanso sitima zankhondo zida ndi zipinda kupulumutsidwa, amene analola vuto la mwadzidzidzi kukwaniritsa achoke onse a gulu la ngalawa, yomwe ili m'chigawo m'madzi.

Dziwani sitima zapamadzi Project 941 "Akula", umene uli waukulu ziwiya sitima zapamadzi mu dziko. Yopanga inayamba mu 1981, ndi kumayambiriro 90s 'chiwerengero chawo chinali 6 zidutswa. Maziko a zida awo anali 20 waukulu wotere mivi olimba mafuta. Komanso, sitima zankhondo izi zida ndi amphamvu Mipikisano mlingo nyumba.

yachinayi m'badwo sitima zapamadzi, anayamba kuyambira mochedwa 70 ntchentche., mu 90. si bwino anayamba chifukwa cha kugwa kwa USSR ndi ndalama vuto la 1998. Chiwawa Komabe dongosolo awo ubwino kwambiri, zomwe zinali zoonekeratu pakuya kumiza (mpaka mamita 400) ndi phokoso ntchito otsika.

Modern Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo

Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo panopa tichipeza 76 sitima zankhondo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zolinga zake. M'dera la ntchito yawo monga mbali ya kuwonongedwa kwa mipherezero m'madzi ndipo ngalawa ndi kuononga nthaka pamalo abwino mfundo zofunika mdani. Izi zikuphatikizapo sitima zankhondo dizilo, ndi nyukiliya wosiyanasiyana sitima zankhondo, ndipo ballistic chida sitima zapamadzi, ndi sitima zapamadzi cholinga chapadera.

Maziko imene membala wa Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo, kupanga mabwato kuti zinamangidwa m'nyengo Soviet. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti patapita nthawi zovuta dziko mpaka chiyambi cha 2000s ndi akuyamba kutsitsimutsa Russian nyukiliya sitima zapamadzi zombo.

Chida cruisers cholinga njira

A mbali yaikulu ya gulu lankhondo lamphamvu, imene ikuimira Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo, mpaka sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya 667BDRM ntchito "Dolphin". Mu utumiki ndi dziko panopa ali asanu ndi ziwiya zimenezi. Onse a iwo a kumpoto zombo. Komanso waukulu kuopseza maboti mdani ali 667BDR ntchito "Kalmar". Mwatsoka, tsopano nkhokwe Russian, pali atatu okha sitima zankhondo zimenezi, ambiri posachedwapa limene linatuluka kwa madzi mu 1982. sitima zankhondo awa kufalitsidwa mu Pacific M'madera a zitunda.

Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo mu 2014 ndipo lili pamaso pa matabwa ake, osachepera pang'ono ili mu malo a, sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya ntchito 941 ndi 941UM "Shark." Mwachitsanzo, mu kumpoto zombo ali TC-208 cruiser "wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy".

Wosiyanasiyana sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya

The zikuchokera kwa Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo mulinso kwambiri nkhondowo-waluso Mipikisano cholinga sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya. "Pike-B" yowala owayimilira ndi sitima zankhondo za Project 971. ntchito yawo ndi kuwononga sitima zankhondo, zombo pamwamba ndi mipherezero pansi. The armament tichipeza torpedoes awo ndi mivi wovuta. Kodi sitima zankhondo izi kumpoto zombo (6 zidutswa) ndi Pacific (5 zidutswa).

Chochititsa chidwi mphamvu wosiyanasiyana sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya la Chitaganya cha Russia amapanga ntchito sitima zapamadzi 949F "Antey". Pakadali iwo anagawira pakati pa kumpoto Pacific fleets. chiwerengero chawo ukufika zidutswa 8.

Kuti muwone maboti owona awa chisoni kumizidwa mu 2000 sitima zapamadzi K-141 "Kursk". Ilo linali tsoka lalikulu la sitima zapamadzi zombo, amene amadziwa zatsopano Russian mbiri. Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo, mwamwayi, pa siteji pano amatanthauza zambiri wangwiro kuposa mu 2000s oyambirira. Izi zipangitsa kuti zolakwa ndi mavuto a m'mbuyomu sichidzabwerezedwa.

Kumpoto zombo, mwa zina, ali ndi sitima zankhondo Project 945 "Barracuda" ndi 945F "Condor", complementing mphamvu asilikali, ndilo Russian apanyanja. 2014 anaona afunika lamakono K-560 "Severodvinsk". Izi ntchito bwato 885 "Yasen" anakhala zomwe atsopano shipbuilding zoweta. Malinga ndi Zolinga za utsogoleri dziko mu 2020 maboti izi zakonzedwa kutulutsa ndalama 8.

sitima zankhondo Non-nyukiliya

Yaikulu ndi chiwerengero cha maganizo a sitima zankhondo dizilo-magetsi a Project 877 sitima zankhondo ndi "nsomba yam'nyanja yamchere". Iwo ali mu utumiki ndi Northern, Pacific ndi Black Sea fleets. Pali mitundu ingapo ya ntchito imeneyi. Komanso Black Sea zombo sitima zankhondo kukonzekera kubwezeretsanso zomangidwazo 636,3 - B-261 "Novorossiysk" tichipeza zidutswa 5.

Poyamba, pali cholinga kwambiri kwa oyamba a nkhondowo dongosolo maboti kapangidwe 677 "Lada". Komabe, mayesero anasonyeza mipata yaikulu mu sitima zapamadzi kamangidwe, kotero kuti akatswiri anafunika kusintha kwambiri.

Mitundu ina ya sitima zankhondo

M'madzi US Navy ndi Russia, monga ife tikudziwira, ndi pawiri la sitima zankhondo wamphamvu kwambiri mu dziko. Komabe, m'mayiko awiriwa, chidwi linaperekedwa kwa kapangidwe ndi kupangidwa kwa zipangizo zina zapadera m'madzi. Choncho, zatsopano Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo ali kupulumutsidwa submersibles Project 1855 "Prize". Amadziwika kuti kokha North zombo zikuphatikizapo submersibles khumi madera osiyana, amene ankachita monga zida kupulumutsidwa ndi kafukufuku.

Pakati pa bwato odziwika bwino kwambiri zipangizo choncho otchulidwa AS-12 "Losharik" amatha kufika kuya ndithu mpaka makilomita angapo. Choncho, chipangizo ichi mu 2012 ankagwira ntchito kafukufuku kozizira pa akuya makilomita 2.

Chiyembekezo cha chitukuko cha makampani

Ngakhale sakuyendetsa m'dzikolo '90s, kwambiri kwambiri okhudza shipbuilding m'madzi, tikhoza kunena kuti ndi chiyambi cha 2000s lapansi. zinthu zinayamba kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Komanso, pali popularization ya sitima zapamadzi zombo, phwando la masiku wosaiwalika. Choncho, mu 2006, anatembenuka ndi zaka 100 Russian sitima zapamadzi zombo, kenako m'mizinda yambiri unachitikira zikondwerero ndi lotsegula Ufa submariners Chipilala. Komanso, dziko chaka amakondwerera Russian sitima zapamadzi pa March 19. Mbiri ya zombo Russian atchukitsa ndipo anthu. Occupation diver amakopeka ophunzira ambiri.

Komabe, chitukuko cha mafakitale lonse ayenera makamaka zikhale zochokera kapangidwe ndi chilengedwe cha mitundu yatsopano ya sitima zankhondo. Choncho, 2020 izo zakonzedwa kulenga kwa ambiri angapo sitima zankhondo latsopano. Iwo anakonza kupanga Baibulo kusinthidwa a Project 677 "Lada" ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ano mbewu. Motero kukhala chinthu kwambiri chitukuko cha sanali nyukiliya sitima zapamadzi shipbuilding.

Dziwani kuti zotsatira za Soviet Union mu mawonekedwe a sitima zankhondo akale pang'onopang'ono olembedwa kutali ndi m'malo mwa mapangidwe atsopano. Choncho, mu Russian bulu sitima zapamadzi owonetsera zakale ntchito anali redesigned sitima zapamadzi B-396 CDB INE "Rubin". Iye anali gawo la Russia kumpoto zombo natumikira mpaka 2000.