Slavophiles - izo ... Trends mu Philosophy. Slavophilism ndi Westernism

Pafupifupi 40-50 zaka XIX m'ma anthu Russian kuonetsetsa mbali ziwiri - Slavophilism ndi Westernism. Slavophiles analimbikitsa lingaliro la "njira yapadera Russia a", pamene adani awo azungu zapangitsa kuti kupita ku mapazi a chitukuko Western, makamaka m'madera a zinthu zokhudza, chikhalidwe ndi moyo boma.

Kodi anachita mawu awa?

"Slavophiles" - liwu anayambitsa ndi wotchuka ndakatulo Konstantin Batyushkov. Poyankha, mawu akuti "azungu" woyamba anaonekera mu chikhalidwe Russian mu 40s za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Makamaka, angapezeke mu "Maulendo" Ivana Panaeva. Nthawi zambiri, mawu akuti anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo 1840, pamene panali kusiya Belinsky Aksakov.

History of maonekedwe a Slavophilism

Slavophilic, ndithudi, sizinayambe zokha "balamanthu". Izi anali yoyamba nyengo yonse ya kafukufuku, kulemba mapepala ambiri sayansi ndi mabuku, kalavulagaga kuphunzira mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha Russia.

Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti pachiyambi penipeni pa kukuchititsa zimenezi nthanthi anali Archimandrite Gabriel, amatchedwanso Vasiliy Voskresensky. Mu 1840 anasindikiza mu Kazan, "nzeru Russian", umene unali mu njira yake ndi barometer wa akutulukira Slavophilism.

Komabe, nzeru za Slavophiles anayamba kutuluka Patapita nthawi, m'kupita mikangano maganizo kuti chikanachitika pa maziko a zokambirana "nthanthi Letter" Chaadaev. Otsatira malowa anali chowaloleza wa munthu, chosiyana njira ya chitukuko mbiri ya Russia ndi anthu Russian, ndi mwapadera kuti njira European Western. Malinga Slavophiles, Russian chizindikiro changa mu malo oyamba ndi kupanda kalasi kulimbana mbiri yake m'dziko la Russia ammudzi ndi cooperatives, komanso mu mpingo Orthodox mu okha Chikhristu choona.

Development Slavophil otaya. Mfundo zikuluzikulu

Mu 1840, ntchentche. Slavophilic makamaka wamba mu Moscow. Maganizo abwino a boma anasonkhana salons zolembalemba Elagina, Pauline, Sverbeevyh - izo ziri apa kuti iwo analankhulira ndi mzake ndipo anali kukambirana mosangalatsa ndi azungu.

Tikumbukenso kuti ntchito ndi ntchito za Slavophiles anali kuzunzidwa ndi kufufuza, ena olimbikitsa anali pamaso pa apolisi, ndi ena ngakhale anamangidwa. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi kwa ndithu nthawi yaitali iwo analibe buku okhazikika ndi kuikidwa zolemba zake ndi nkhani makamaka pa masamba a magazini "Moskvityanin". Patapita easing tsankho la kufufuza mu 50s Slavophils anayamba kufalitsa magazini chawo ( "Rural beautification", "Russian kukambirana") ndi manyuzipepala ( "kupalasa," Rumor ").

Russia sayenera kuphunzira ndi kutsatira njira ya ndale Western - uyu anali mwamphamvu kukhulupirira zonse, popanda yekha, ndi Slavophiles. Komabe, sanalephere iwo kuti n'kofunika chitukuko yogwira makampani ndi malonda banki ndi chilungamo malonda, kumayambiriro makina amakono pa ulimi ndi ntchito yomanga njanji. Komanso, Slavophiles analandira lingaliro la chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom "kuchokera pamwamba" ndi riziki kuvomerezedwa ziwembu dziko madera wamba.

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa chipembedzo ndi zomwe Slavophiles anali pafupi kwambiri zokhudzana. Maganizo awo, chikhulupiriro choona, amene adadza kwa Russia kuchokera Mpingo Eastern, ikuti yapadera, wapadera m'mbiri Utumiki wa anthu Russian. Kuti ziphunzitso ndi miyambo, dongosolo chikhalidwe adzalola kupanga maziko kuya kwa moyo Russian.

Nthawi zambiri, Slavophiles anthu anazindikira mu romanticism ndiwofatsa. Khalidwe iwo anali idealization mfundo za traditionalism ndi banjalo. Limodzi ndi izo, Slavophiles anafuna kutsogolera anzeru kuyandikira anthu wamba kuphunzira za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku, chinenero.

oimira Slavophilism

M'zaka za m'ma XIX, olemba ambiri, asayansi ndi ndakatulo Slavophiles ntchito mu Russia. Oimira malangizo amenewa ndi ofunika chisamaliro chapadera - Khomyakov, Aksakov, Samarin. Slavophiles otchuka anali Chizhov, Koshelev, Belyaev, Valuev, Lamanskii, Hilferding ndi Cherkassy.

Mokwanira pafupi kufika kuderali mumtima analemba Ostrovsky, Tiutchev, Dahl, Zilankhulo ndi Grigoriev.

Ndi kumchitira ulemu ndi chidwi mu malingaliro a Slavophilism ankachitira akatswiri a zinenero ulemu ndi mbiri yakale - Bodyansky, Grigorovich, Buslaev.

History of maonekedwe a Azungu

Slavophilism ndi Westernism ndi pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, ndipo chotero, taganizirani mafunde awa nthanthi chikufunika zovuta lapansi. Westernism Slavophilism monga zosemphana - ndi malangizo a Russian ang'onoang'ono ganizo chikhalidwe, komanso anatuluka mu 40s za m'ma XIX.

Choyambirira gulu m'munsi oimira a azimuth kunali Moscow zolembalemba salons. Kutsutsana maganizo zimene zinachitika iwo, momveka bwino ndi mosapita otchulidwa "KALE LANGA ndi Maganizo," Herzen.

Westernized chitukuko otaya. Mfundo zikuluzikulu

Nzeru za Slavophiles ndi azungu amasiyana kwambiri. Makamaka, maonekedwe onse a malingaliro a azungu monga categorical kukana dongosolo ang'onoang'ono serf ndale, chuma ndi chikhalidwe. Iwo anali mu mtima kukwaniritsa kusintha umoyo ndi zachuma pa chitsanzo Western.

Oimira azungu ankakhulupirira kuti nthawi zonse akanali kuthekera kukhazikitsidwa kwa bourgeois-demokalase boma mwa bata, njira mabodza ndi maphunziro. Iwo wofunika kwambiri kusintha ankachititsa ndi Peter Ine, ndipo ankaona kuti ndi ntchito yawo kutembenuka ndi kupanga maganizo a anthu m'njira imene mafumu anali kulamulira anakakamizidwa kuchita kusintha bourgeois.

Azungu ankakhulupirira kuti kugonjetsa backwardness chuma ndiponso umoyo wa Russia sayenera likuvutika chikhalidwe zamakolo, koma chifukwa zinachitikira Europe, kuleza wapita patsogolo. Pankhaniyi, iwo sanatchule kusiyana pakati pa West ndi Russia, koma lonse, kuti analipo tsogolo lawo chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yakale.

Mu magawo oyambirira a kafukufuku azungu nthanthi makamaka motengera ntchito za Schiller, Schilling ndi Hegel.

Gawa azungu mu 40s pakati. XIX atumwi

Cha m'ma makumi anai za m'ma XIX panali kugawanika ofunika azungu chilengedwe. Zinachitika mkangano Granovsky, ndi Herzen. Zotsatira zake zinali mbali ziwiri Westernized mumaganiza kuti: mwaufulu chosintha-demokalase.

chifukwa kugona kusiyana ndi kulemekeza chipembedzo. Ngati olekerera kumbuyo chiphunzitso cha mzimu umene sufa, ndi Democrats, nayenso anali potengera malo a chuma ndipo kulibe Mulungu.

Chosiyana ndi malingaliro awo za njira kusintha mu Russia ndi maphokoso kusintha chitukuko cha dziko. Choncho, Democrats kulimbikitsa mfundo ya kulimbana chosintha kuti patsogolo yomanga lamadyerero.

Kwambiri zochita pa malingaliro a azungu mu nthawi iyi zinali ntchito za Comte, Feuerbach, ndi Saint-Simoni.

Mu nthawi pambuyo kusintha mu zikhalidwe za ambiri chitukuko capitalist Westernism unatha monga malangizo apadera ganizo chikhalidwe.

oimira Azungu

Bwalo choyambirira Moscow azungu anali Granovskii, Hertzen, Korsch, Ketscher, Botkin, Ogarev Cavelin ndi T. D. Mozama analankhulana ndi bwalo Belinsky, amene ankakhala St. Petersburg. Azisonyeza kuti azungu ndi luso wolemba Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Pambuyo chimene chinachitika mu 40s m'ma. Annenkov yogawikana, Korsch, Cavelin, Granovsky ndi ena atsogoleri ena anakhala kumbali ya olekerera, ndipo Herzen, Belinsky ndi Ogarev anasiya kwa Democrats.

Kulankhulana pakati pa Slavophiles ndi Azungu

M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti nzeru zimenezi anabadwa pa nthawi yomweyo, oyambitsa awo anali oimira m'badwo chomwecho. Komanso - ndi azungu ndi Slavophiles anachokera limodzi chikhalidwe chilengedwe chinali mabwalo ena.

Fans mfundo zonse ziwiri zonse zoyankhulirana ndi mzake. Ndipo kulankhulana ndi si nthawi zonse okha pazifukwa: iwo amapezeka mu msonkhano bwalo chomwecho, iwo nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu lingaliro la maganizo adani awo chinachake pafupi ndi mfundo zawo ndi maganizo awo.

Nthawi zambiri, nkhani ambiri a mlingo wokweretsa chikhalidwe - otsutsa azisonyeza mzake ndiponso kumvetsera mwatcheru ku mbali ina ndipo anayesera kupereka mfundo zogwira mtima mokomera malo awo.

Kufanana pakati pa Slavophiles ndi Azungu

Osati kuwerenga olekanitsidwa kenako azungu Democrats, ndi woyamba, wachiwiri ndi kuzindikira kufunika kwa kusintha mu Russia ndi kuthetsa mavuto alipo mwamtendere, popanda kusintha ndi kuphana. Slavophiles kutanthauziridwa mu njira zawo, kum'mamatira maganizo kwambiri ndiwofatsa, ndipo anazindikira kufunika kwa kusintha.

Akukhulupirira kuti maganizo chipembedzo anali mmodzi wa m'magazini wolongolola mu mikangano maganizo pakati pa mbali ya ziphunzitso zosiyana. Komabe, mu chilungamo, ndi Dziwani mfundo yakuti chinthu anthu anaichita mu udindo wofunika kwambiri kwambiri. Choncho, maganizo a Slavophiles makamaka chifukwa cha mfundo za uzimu wa anthu Russian, moyandikana ndi ziphunzitso ndi okhwima kusunga miyambo yonse ya chipembedzo. Pa nthawi yomweyo Slavophiles okha, ambiri a iwo - anachokera mabanja yolembedwa kuti si nthawi zonse ankatsatira miyambo ya mpingo. Azungu komanso sakulimbikitsa kupembedza kwambiri munthu, ngakhale ena a zikusinthira (Mwachitsanzo chooneka bwino -. P. Ya Chaadaev) ankakhulupirira moona mtima kuti zauzimu, makamaka, ndi mbali yofunika ya Orthodox Russia. Mwa oimira mumaganiza onse azipereka okhulupirira onse ndi okana Mulungu.

Pali anthu ena amene sanali a iliyonse yaikulu chifukwa cha zimenezi, nduna lachitatu moyang'anizana pine. Mwachitsanzo, V. S. Solovov m'mabuku ake, anaona kuti njira zogwira mtima nkhani zikuluzikulu za anthu adakali sichinayambe mwina mu East kapena mu West. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ntchito pa iwo pamodzi tonse, popanda yekha, mphamvu yogwira anthu, kumvetsera kwa wina ndi mzake ndi limodzi kuyandikira kwa kulemera ndi ukulu. Soloviev ankakhulupirira kuti "woyera" azungu ndi "oyera" Slavophiles - uli ndi malire ndiponso anthu sangathe chiweruzo cholinga.

kuti adzimvera

Azungu ndi Slavophiles, mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe takambirana m'nkhaniyi, kwenikweni, anali utopians. Azungu ambiri idealized njira yachilendo ya chitukuko, luso European, iwo nthawi zambiri kuiwala za peculiarities wa mtima Russian ndi kusiyana zaka zakubadwa mu kuwerenga maganizo a kumadzulo ndi Russian. Slavophiles, nayenso, anayamikira fanizo la anthu Russian, anali okonda idealize boma, fano la mfumu ndi Orthodoxy. Ndipo iwo ndi ena osaganizira kuopseza zisinthe, ndipo mpaka posachedwapa ankaganiza kuti mavuto ndi kusintha, mu njira yamtendere. Wopambana uyu maganizo nkhondo wosatha kuonetsetsa zosatheka, chifukwa mikangano za kulondola kwa njira osankhidwa a chitukuko Russia a sichitha lero.