Kodi mchere anapanga zomera wakale? Mchere yaikulu

Gwero lina la mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa mphamvu makampani dziko tsopano olimba malasha utsi. Anthu popanda silingakhale kuchita. Mwazina, zambiri wanzeru Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev anati: "Stoke ndi banknotes kungakhale." Scientist zinatanthauza kuti zinthu zimenezi zingakhale zothandiza kupanga zinthu chofunika anthu.

Asayansi amakono mobwerezabwereza anabwerezanso kuti iye anali kulondola. Oddly, koma m'njira zambiri chuma chimene kugona pansi pa nthaka, ife ngongole nyama wakale. Kuti Mumapezekanso wakale ndi mitengo anapanga pa nthawi chuma zothandiza. Mwa njira, zimene mchere inakhazikitsidwa zomera wakale? Chabwino, tiyeni tipeze!

General maonekedwe a utsi zomera malasha

utsi onsewa muli kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Iwo onse anapanga kuchokera zatsalira Mmera wonse, umene kwa zaka mamilioni opareshoni kuthamanga ndi kutentha. The zaka Mitundu ina wakale wa masamba mafuta ndi apamwamba kuposa chizindikiro cha zaka miliyoni 650. Pafupifupi 80% madipoziti izi inakhazikitsidwa m'nthawi Ukachenjede. Iwo nthawi ino, tiyenera kusonyeza chakuti chuma mchere akadali zimatipatsa zonse zofunikira.

Mbali yaikulu ya maphunziro awo ayenera kuganizira mfundo yakuti mu masiku amenewo dziko linali sikokwanira mpweya, umene tsopano mofulumira oxidizes organics, koma kwambiri mpweya ndi mankhwala ofotokoza. miyala nyanja msanga anapulumutsidwa ndi misa yaikulu zinthu mu dziko lapansi chachikulu.

Kotero inu bwino kuyenda nkhaniyi, takhala anakonza tebulo. Mchere si mwachisawawa aikidwa mu nthaka.

Komabe, pakati pa asayansi ena otchuka chiphunzitso cha chiyambi abiotic wa utsi ambiri pansi, limafotokoza zimene anachokera osakaniza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa mankhwala zovuta mpweya ku zinthu yosavuta zochita kupanga.

Zimenezi ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo, koma asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anthu ambiri minda ndi chimodzimodzi chilengedwe zamoyo yatsoka ndi. Chotero kodi mchere inakhazikitsidwa zomera wakale? Ichi ndi chomwe ife tsopano akufotokoza.

Kufunika kwa makampani ndi anthu

Monga ife tanena kale, ambiri a zinthu izi - ndi kasupe weniweni wa makampani ano mankhwala. Khala chomwecho lili mankhwala ambiri kuti mwinamwake akhoza analandira chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe zovuta ndi mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, zidulo humic, limene chikhalidwe sanalembedwepo nthawi ndi kovuta kwa kaphatikizidwe yokumba, munthu analandira misa ya bulauni khala wotsika ndi wamba.

Mfundo zonsezi angakuuzeni madera a zachuma. Mchere kumathandiza kwambiri mapangidwe yopanga zachibadwa za chuma chilichonse.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ntchito mokwanira ambiri gwero mbewu anachokera zimatheka ngati munthu akudziwa mokoma maphunziro awo. Choyamba timayang'ana pa kangapo anatchula ife malasha, monga ndondomeko ya mapangidwe awo ndi chidwi kwambiri. Malasha, komanso ena mchere yaikulu ya chiyambi masamba, apangidwa ndi zomera zosiyanasiyana mu ndondomeko ya lifotabe.

Khalidwe Education wamakala humic

A kalekale, pamene dziko linali likadali akungoyendayenda zinyamazi chimphona, ndi expanses lalikulu la nkhalango zobiriwira anakula wokongola. Kukula ndi chitukuko zinthu zinkayenda: m'nthaka kwambiri pa nkhaniyi organic, ndi mu chikhalidwe chogwidwa ndi mpweya. Komabe, zinthu zomwezi anathandiza chakuti zomera kufa m'malo mofulumira. Kawirikawiri kugwa pansi kumene lawola msanga chifukwa palibe atetezedwa kanthu zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni wa mlengalenga.

Kuchotsedwa mfundo zonsezi zinachititsa kuti kudzitsitsa mofulumira kwambiri wa mapadi. Chimphona misa zomera inasanduka weniweni "omwera" zinthu humic, kuchepetsedwa ndi ndalama zazing'ono zosafunika resins, waxes ndi paraffins. Komabe, thupi ili yonse wokongola msanga biodegradable, choncho makamaka mofulumira kudzikundikira organic m'masiku amenewo sizinachitike. The madipoziti waukulu mchere anaonekera penapake ina.

Popeza khala aumbike mwachindunji?

njira tafotokozazi zinachititsa mapangidwe peat youma, amene pa nthawi ino padziko lapansili zokwanira. Monga ulamuliro, palibe metamorphosis zina naye sizinachitike, kawirikawiri ndi ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza mchenga ndi dziko lapansi, odalirika kumalongeza organic mwangozi mpweya ndi tizilombo. misa Izi zinali pulasitiki, choncho ena mitolo kapena kusakaniza m'tsogolo kuchitika.

Popeza undecomposed organic nkhaniyo peat makulidwe anali ochepa, njira zina za kuwola sanali. Choncho, kutentha mkati mwa malo wakhala anakhalabe pa mlingo chomwecho.

Anzanu ndi nthawi ...

Komabe, pa nthawi pang'onopang'ono tikaumbike zigawo chifukwa caking. Pang'onopang'ono, asidi humic ndi kutembenukira ku humites resins anali pansi ndondomeko decarboxylation ndi waxes yekha sichinasinthe kwa zaka zambiri. Izo zinachititsa mapangidwe makala bulauni humic. Makamaka ambiri a iwo mu Krasnoyarsk Gawo. Ichi ndi ambiri zothandiza mchere m'mphepete (ndi gwero lofunika la ndalama, kumene).

Mothandizidwa osiyanasiyana zinthu zachilengedwe panali pang'onopang'ono metamorphosis awo, amene udzabala mwala makala humic. Udindo waukulu mu ndondomeko imeneyi kuthamanga ndi mkulu kutentha kwa osachepera. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, asidi humic anayamba kuwola ndinso mofulumira, resins ndi waxes anali pansi polymerization achilengedwe.

Zonsezi zapangitsa kuti kaphatikizidwe wa sanali kusungunuka, insoluble kwathunthu mankhwala. Ndi chifukwa iwo kuti malasha kalasi ndipo anasunga lero. Yankholo akuya ndi osaya, choncho nkhani katundu ena thupi ndi mankhwala, izo, zivute zitani mwasambitsidwa kunja. Ndipo kodi mchere inakhazikitsidwa zomera wakale, kuwonjezera pa humus khala tafotokozazi?

The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe makala mtundu wosanganiza

Tikumbukenso kuti m'chilengedwe mapangidwe mankhwala koyera humic anapita yosowa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri anabwera ndondomeko losanganikirana. Asayansi kuti iye anapita pa amadzibisa angapo. Monga ulamuliro, izo zinachitika pansi pa matupi wakale wa madzi, mu malo tsopano ili madipoziti mchere.

zinthu Humic pang'onopang'ono kubweretsa apo ndi Madzi a mvula komanso pang'onopang'ono kwa zaka zambiri, anakakhala pansi. Zomera zimene mwachangu anayamba ndi zochuluka pa zinthu organic pang'onopang'ono analimbikitsa ndi misa lonse. Koma zinthu zikhoza kukhala chosiyana.

Kamodzi pa dziko kugunda ndi mkuntho ndi kumagwa mvula yowaza, Madamu anagwa mu kuchuluka kwa zinthu humic ndipo zosiyanasiyana mankhwala mchere. Choyamba, anakakhala pansi pa mchere wolemera, ndipo kokha zidulo humic kuwatsatira monga oxidants wamphamvu. Pang'onopang'ono, thupi lonse pansi pa polymerization. Popeza mpweya m'madzi pansi chinali chinthu chaching'ono kwambiri ndi nthawi anali mchikakamizo cha ndondomeko madzi m'thupi. Ndipo kotero ndipamene makona a zikuchokera losanganikirana.

Russia mchere Izi sizachilendo kwambiri mu kum'mawa kwa dziko lathu.

Pa zikuchokera mankhwala malasha

Ambiri, mankhwala si yodziwika ndi makamaka zosiyanasiyana mpweya wa hydrogen, mpweya, asafe ndi sulfure. Kusiyana komwe kulipo ndi nusu misa zonse zinthu zimenezi, monga kwa iwo kuchuluka tikhoza kudziwa osati mtundu wa mbewu malasha mafuta, koma ngakhale m'chigawo cha chiyambi chake ndi kupanga. Choncho osachepera lingaliro akhakula pa funso limeneli, kupenda zikuchokera pafupifupi humus bulauni malasha.

Gulu la zinthu m'gulu makala amoto

Zinthu ambiri amene ali m'gulu la aliyense wa mitundu yake, wotchedwa ugleobrazovatelyami. Pano pali mndandanda zonse:

• Oddly zokwanira, mapuloteni. Mu hydrolysis mpweya, asayansi aona kuti pali la amino zidulo mu osakaniza chifukwa. Kupeza zinthu izi mu zigawo pakatikati pa utsi malasha anafotokoza ndithu chabe: lamulo limeneli lili nthawi zakale, losavuta komanso mabwinja a zamoyo zambiri wotukuka kwambiri. Mulimonsemo, ambiri madipoziti mchere zambiri kudzitama chopereka woyenera m'nyumbayi paleontological.
• Inde, mapadi. Izi zimam'patsa zovuta, ndilo maziko zidutswa za mtundu uliwonse wa zomera, ndi monga mbali mwa kulemera kwa malasha ndi mafuta shales (za iwo ayankhidwa m'munsimu).
• Waxes, zomwe ife mobwerezabwereza otchulidwa. Kodi esters zina zidulo aliphatic carboxylic ndi alcohols.
• Utomoni. Izi osakaniza zovuta zonse za yemweyo zidulo carboxylic komanso zinthu unsaponifiable ndi saponifiable. Mu ena zinthu zenizeni ndi mosavuta decarboxylation ndi polymerization mofulumira. Iwo ali ngati "mlatho" chifukwa malasha, chifukwa zigawo zake ali yomatidwa ndi ndondomeko chachikulu psinjika.

Ndi pafupifupi zofanana kuti zikuchokera onse nkhani malasha mafuta sukulu za mbewu zawo ndi gawo lina chinyama. Imalimbikitsa abiotic maonekedwe a mafuta omwewo simungathe kupeza zifukwa zokwanira bwino, njira imene kutsutsa umboni. Mulimonsemo, aliyense mchere khadi (organic) limasonyeza kuti madipoziti awo ali makamaka kudera la nyanja wakale, wolemera mu organic.

mfundo zikuluzikulu za migodi ya malasha

Makhalidwe ndi njira za ndondomeko izi kwathunthu amadalira akuya zosayembekezereka wa matabwa. Ngati aliyense, si upambana mamita zana, inu mukhoza kutsegula, njira kukhala ntchito. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti ndi kuchuluka kwa kuya odulidwa umakhala chuma zotheka kutsinde njira.

Mu dziko lathu mlingo kuya wanga pafupifupi 1200 meters. Aliyense mchere khadi Russia zingasonyeze kuti ambiri a iwo mu Siberia. M'mphepete mwa ichi mpake atalingalira zimenezi pantry, zimakhala zazikulu za chilengedwe.

zinthu zina zofunika

Tikumbukenso kuti matabwa khala nthawi zambiri anakumana kuchulukana zinthu ndi wautali kwambiri mtengo mafakitale. Awa ndi ena mwa wapatali miyala Geological (nsangalabwi, mwachitsanzo), wambirimbiri methane, komanso yosowa anamwazikana zinthu mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, ena zosiyanasiyana bulauni khala muli zambiri germanium, lomwe ndi zodabwitsa popanda makampani ano wailesi-pakompyuta, chifukwa ofotokoza mitundu yambiri ya semiconductors.

Ntchito malasha mafakitale zamakono

Long atapita masiku pamene mtundu uwu mchere anali kugwiritsidwa pa ntchito yokhayo nkhuni. Monga taonera, iye yotengedwa ena zinthu osowa mankhwala, malasha ndi zopangira kwa kupanga zosiyanasiyana mapulasitiki. Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, amadziwika kuti kwa ife akhoza kupanga mafuta kupanga.

Ndi mchere mu Russia kwakukulukulu anapereka kukula kwambiri malonda pambuyo zisinthe. Iwo kulola kuthandiza chuma pa mlingo zonse mkulu.

mafuta shale

Izi utsi olimba chiyambi masamba ku gulu la caustobiolites olimba. Mbali yaikulu ya shale, amene anawapatsa chotero kutchuka mkulu zaposachedwapa, utomoni, gawo la zikuchokera awo. Iwo akamagwira distillation. mtengo wake ndi wa thupi katundu ndi mankhwala, ilo lili pafupi kwambiri mafuta, koma mitengo ya zinthu zake m'munsi oilfield.

kapangidwe masiyanidwe

Chachikulu kusiyana kwa kuiwaliratu za khala chomwecho ndi kuti lili mchere wambiri mu kapangidwe kake. Organic gawo - kerogen. Only gawo la wapamwamba kwambiri shale ndi kufika pa 70%, pomwe zina zonse, zili organic si upambana 30%. Kerogen ndi mafupawa wamkulu wa zokhala ndi selo imodzi algae.

Gawo la iwo amene kwa zaka zambiri kuti asataye njanji dongosolo cha ndende - ndi tallomoalginit. Choncho, oipa kotheratu unicellular algae amatchedwa kolloalginit. Komanso, shale angapezeke zambiri ngakhale zomera apamwamba, zimene zakhala padziko lathuli kuyambira nthawi makedzana.

Nawa mchere ndi inakhazikitsidwa zomera wakale. Tikukhulupirira kuti m'nkhani ino mwalandira onse Uthenga umene chidwi inu.