SUMMARY kapangidwe ndi kaonedwe

Mawu akuti "dziko" anadza nalowa ulimi wa sayansi m'zaka 18 mochedwa mogwirizana ndi ntchito za sayansi anthu a nzeru German zachikhalidwe. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti ndi nthawi kuwonjezera pa zinthu zonse cilamulo wa zodabwitsazi. Choyamba, izo ziyenera kuti mfundo zambiri, popanda zomwe lero simungathe kulingalira dziko lililonse (ziribe kanthu mtundu tikulankhula misa kapena munthu), kenako chisokonezeko maganizo a osiyana kwambiri mitundu ya kutsitsimuka chikhalidwe. Komanso, maganizo kwambiri akuwonetseredwa makamaka kupyolera nkhani za zochitika zauzimu monga nzeru, nthano, akamabadwa, chipembedzo.

Chiyembekezo, chikhalidwe chake ndi dongosolo, zambiri kudzera chifaniziro cha anthu, iwo anakonza m'kati generalization wa Chidziwitso amene anapeza chifukwa cha mchitidwe chikhalidwe. Chifukwa cha generalizations monga nzeru kumvetsa ngati maonekedwe enieni kuzunza munthu, zimene zimagwirizana ndi maganizo ake pa mfundo ozungulira ndi malo awo mu choonadi ichi.

Mu malo ambiri mungapeze matanthauzo osiyanasiyana mfundo, koma ngakhale dissimilarities awo, tinganene kuti iwo ali onse pafupifupi kapangidwe mofanana anamasulira kaonedwe zochitika polysyllabic.

Kapangidwe ka dziko mwa nzeru zikuphatikizapo zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika monga kuzindikira, maganizo, zikhulupiriro ndi zolinga ndi munthu akufotokoza maganizo ake podziŵa ozungulira ndi kutitengera malo chake pa dziko.

Kapangidwe ka dziko monga zinthu kofunika kwambiri, kuphatikizapo:

• mfundo ndi nzeru;
• maganizo, makhalidwe ndi muyezo kuwunika kwa dziko;
• makhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro anakonzeratu anthu khalidwe zolinga;
• zolinga anthu - zithunzi predetermining chitukuko cha munthu ndi gulu lake ngati yogwira ntchito yokonza dziko la nkhaniyi.

Koma dziko ili si dongosolo, chifukwa zonse zam'mwamba pamwamba akhoza wachinsinsi mu cholinga (ichi pazikhalanso nzeru) ndi zotengera malingaliridwe (ichi makamaka maganizo, zikhulupiriro ndi zolinga).

Onse zigawo zikuluzikulu za nyumba ya maganizo ndi magwiridwe bwino chimatanthauza.

Chidziwitso, amene kukonzedwa m'njira inayake dongosolo la nkhani za sayansi, amathandiza munthu kuzindikira bwino za padzikoli ndi chodabwitsa kunachitika izo. chigawo ichi zingaoneke ndithu ndithu kusiyana amene cholinga ndi mokwanira zomveka chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu akhoza kukhala ndi kuthekera kofanana nzeru, koma n'zosiyana kwambiri ndi worldviews awo.

Kapangidwe ka dziko, womwenso maganizo a anthu kumatanthauza kuganizira monga chiweruzo, chimene, mosiyana ndi chidziwitso, kufotokoza mfundo zotengera malingaliridwe za chenicheni cha munthuyo. Mwachitsanzo, akuluakulu a sayansi ndi chipembedzo worldviews kwathunthu njira zosiyanasiyana kuganizira za chiyambi cha munthu.

Chidziwitso, komanso malingaliro, osati nthawi zonse kuchita monga olimbikitsa khalidwe china. zofunika kwambiri pa maganizo a za nkhani iwo amakhulupirira. Anapanga pamaziko a maganizo, zikhulupiriro kusonyeza kaphatikizidwe kudziwa zolinga ndi zokhumba, kukonza udindo munthu mu chikhalidwe ndi zochita zake.

Kapangidwe ka dziko monga mchitidwe wake organic lili pamaso pa zolinga. M'lingaliro losavuta ganizoli - ndi njira imene losindikizidwa mwachidwi wangwiro, chinachake chimene munthu wapanga chikhumbo kulimbikira ndi mkulu (mawu a i) chiŵerengero. Monga ulamuliro, iwo ophatikizidwa zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za maganizo ndi makhalidwe a anthu.

Motero, dzikoli - dongosolo umodzi mwa zigawo zake constituent. ubale pakati pa zigawo izi pa nthawi angasinthe, ndipo ndiye mmodzi aliyense wa iwo akhale lalikulu osati pa mlingo wa chikumbu munthu, koma chikhalidwe.