Swedish sayansi Nobel Alfred: Wambiri The atayamba dynamite, woyambitsa wa Nobel Prize

Nobel Alfred - lapadera Swedish wasayansi, anayambitsa dynamite, academician sayansi experimenter, Ph.D., academician, anayambitsa Nobel Prize, wachititsa naye kutchuka lonse.

ubwana

Alfred Nobel, amene yonena ndi chidwi chenicheni mu m'badwo pano, anabadwa mu Stockholm pa October 21, 1833. Iye anali mbadwa ya chigawo chakumwera cha wamba Swedish Nobelef, limene linali dzina otumphukira zodziwika mdziko lonse. Mu banja, kupatula iye, iye anali ana atatu. Atate Immanuel Nobel anali wazamalonda amene chadzaoneni anayerekeza kuyesa mwayi wake ku Russia. Anakwatirayo 1837 ku St. Petersburg, pamene iye anatsegula msonkhano wina. Patapita zaka 5, pamene zinthu anapita bwino, anasamukira ku banja lake.

The zatsopano loyamba la sayansi Swedish

Kamodzi Russia, 9 wazaka Nobel Alfred msanga katswiri Chirasha, zomwe kuwonjezera bwino English, Italy, Germany ndi French. Education mnyamata kunyumba. Mu 1849, bambo ake anam'tumiza pa ulendo wa America ndi ku Ulaya, inatenga zaka ziwiri. Alfred anapita ku Italy, Denmark, Germany, France, America, koma nthawi zambiri mnyamata anakhala mu Paris. Pali anatenga njira yeniyeni ya sayansi umagwirira mu wotchuka wasayansi Jules Peluso labu, ankafufuza mafuta ndi kutsegula nitrites.

Panthawiyi ntchito Immanuel Nobel - walunthayu anayambitsa kudziona anaphunzitsa - anali kusintha: utumiki Russian anakhala olemera ndi otchuka, makamaka pa Crimea nkhondo. fakitale yake opangidwa migodi kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha ku Finland linga Sveaborg, Kronstadt ndi Revel padoko Estonia. Mtengo Nobel Sr. analimbikitsidwa ndi Mendulo lachifumu, amene, monga ulamuliro, akunja osati kupereka.

Nkhondo itatha, anasiya malamulo, kampani anaima chabe, anthu ambiri anali pantchito. Izi anakakamizika kupita Immanuel Nobel ku Stockholm.

The zatsopano woyamba Alfreda Nobelya

Alfred, anali kugwirizana ndi otchuka Russian sayansi Nikolaem Zininym, azungu kumvetsa kuphunzira kwa katundu wa nitroglycerin. Mu 1863, mnyamata anabwerera ku Sweden, komwe anapitiriza kuyesa wake. September 3, 1864 panali mavutowa: pa zatsopano mu kuphulika pa makilogalamu 100 nitroglycerine anthu angapo anaphedwa pakati pawo 20 wazaka Emil - mng'ono Alfred. Zitachitika, bambo Alfred Wopuwala ndi zaka 8, iye anakhalabe chigonere. Nthawi imeneyi, Immanuel anapitiliza kugwira ntchito mwakhama: Ndalemba 3 mabuku, imene mafanizo. Mu 1870, iwo adagwidwa ndi funso ntchito zinyalala nkhuni mafakitale ndi Nobel Sr. anatulukira plywood, kupeka njira gluing ntchito peyala ya mbale matabwa.

Kutulukira dynamite

October 14, 1864 Swedish wasayansi anatulutsa setifiketi kuti zinamupatsa kuchita kupanga mabomba, zimene zinaphatikizapo zili nitroglycerin. Alfred Nobel anatulukira dynamite mu 1867; kupanga zake wasayansi tsogolo anabweretsa chuma chachikulu. Makina a nthawi imeneyo analemba kuti anapeza wake ndi sayansi Swedish mwangozi: ngati mu ndondomeko ya kayendedwe ka botolo wosweka a nitroglycerin. Iwo anakhetsa madzi, ankawaviika dothi, chifukwa mu dynamite ndi. Alfred Nobel sanazindikire Baibulo pamwamba, ndipo analimbikira kuti bwino ntchito yofunafuna kwa zinthu pamene wothira nitroglycerin kuti kuchepetsa chiopsezo kuphulika. The Converter anakhumba anakhala diatomaceous lapansi - thanthwe, amatchedwanso Tripoli.

Laboratory kwa kupanga dynamite Swedish sayansi bungwe mwa nyanja pa Bwato ndi, kuchoka m'madera asezare.

Patatha miyezi iwiri chiyambi-mmwamba kwa zasayansi akuyandama wa azakhali Alfred kunabweretsa iye wamalonda ku Stockholm Johan Vilgelmom Smitom - Mwini miliyoni chuma. Nobel anakwanitsa kutsimikizira Smith ndi ndalama zina angapo kuti agwirizane ndi kupanga kampani kwa mafakitale a nitroglycerine, yomwe inayamba mu 1865. Pozindikira kuti setifiketi Swedish si kuteteza ufulu wawo kunja Nobel okhala eni ufulu popanga nitroglycerin ndi kugulitsa dziko lonse.

Yotsegulira Alfreda Nobelya

Mu 1876, dziko anaphunzira za njira yatsopano wasayansi wa - "osakaniza zachiwawa" - pawiri a nitroglycerin ndi collodion, ali ndi mphamvu explosiveness. zaka wotsatira atulukira wolemera nitroglycerin osakaniza ndi zinthu zina: ballistite - woyamba opanda utsi onga, ndiye zingwe.

Nobel zofuna sanali okha ntchito yekha ndi zinthu zachiwawa: wasayansi chidwi Optics, electrochemistry, mankhwala, zamoyo, cholinga kukapempha boilers ndi mabuleki basi, kuyesera kubala yokumba labala, nitrocellulose ndi kuphunzira silika yokumba. Pali 350 eni luso, amene ananena ndi ufulu Alfred Nobel: dynamite, Detonator, opanda utsi ufa, mita madzi, chipangizo yozizira, ndi barometer, ndi kuphana chida zomangamanga, gasi burner,

makhalidwe wasayansi

Nobel Alfred anali mmodzi wa anthu ophunzira nthawi yake. Wasayansi kuwerenga kwambiri mabuku pa zomangamanga, mankhwala, maphunziro, mbiri, zopeka ankaona m'nthawi yake: Hugo, Turgenev, Balzac ndi Maupassant, ngakhale iye anayesa kulemba. Zambiri za ntchito za Alfred Nobel (mabuku, masewero, ndakatulo) ndipo sichinayambe lofalitsidwa. Asungidwa kusewera za Beatrice Cenci - "Nemizida" kumaliza kale kufa. Iyi ndi ngozi mu Machitidwe 4 tinakakumana ndi kudana ndi zipembedzo lapansi. Choncho, onse lofalitsidwa kope, linatuluka mu kuwala mu 1896, pambuyo pa imfa ya Alfred Nobel ataphedwa kupatulapo mabaibulo atatu. dziko ndi mwayi Dziŵani mankhwala ameneyu mu 2005; Ndi nyimbo pokumbukira wasayansi wamkulu pa Stockholm powonekera.

M'nthawi kufotokoza Alfred Nobel monga munthu surly, amene adalipo amangokhala ali pikitipikiti m'matauni ndi kampani mokondwera chete panokha ndi kumiza zonse ntchito. Scientist anatsogolera moyo wathanzi, maganizo ofooketsa mowa fodya, ndi njuga.

Kukhala mokwanira wotetezedwa, Nobel zochititsa ankangokhalira cha moyo wovutika. Ntchito pa zosakaniza zachiwawa ndi zinthu, iye ankatsutsa chiwawa ndi kupha, onyamula ntchito yopambana chifukwa cha mtendere padziko lonse.

Zoyambitsidwa Mtendere

Poyamba anayamba ndi Swedish sayansi mabomba anali kuigwiritsa ntchito pa mtendere; pakuti Kupanga misewu ndi njanji, migodi, ntchito yomanga ngalande ngalande (ntchito zikutchinga). The Nobel mabomba zolinga asilikali anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu Franco-Prussian Nkhondo ya 1870-1871. Wasayansi ankafuna kuyambitsa mankhwala kapena makina amene anali ndi mphamvu zowononga, kodi mitundu yonse ya nkhondo zosatheka. Nobel analipira congresses zoyenera mtendere padziko, ndipo iye anachita nawo iwo. Iye anali membala wa Paris Society of Civil Akatswiri ya Sweden Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of London. Ndinali mphoto ambiri, kuphatikizapo alibe chidwi kwambiri.

Alfred Nobel: chikondi

The zatsopano chachikulu - munthu wokongola - anali sanakwatirepo ndipo analibe ana. Chatsekedwa, kusungulumwa, anthu okayikitsa, anaganiza kupeza mlembi wothandizira ndipo anaika mu nyuzipepala kulengeza. 33 wazaka anayankha Contessa Berta Sofia Felichita - kupangidwa, ophunzira bwino, zinenero mkazi amene anali Bespridannitsa. Iye analemba Nobel, analandira yankho lake; lokwanira chimene chinapangitsa chisoni mwagwirizana mbali zonse. Posakhalitsa panali msonkhano wa Albert ndi Bertha; achinyamata ambiri akuyenda, kulankhula, ndi kucheza ndi Nobel Bertha anabweretsa chimwene. Posachedwa Albert anali kutali malonda, ndi Bertha sakanakhoza kudikira kwa Iye, nabwera kunyumba, iye akhadikhira Graf Artur Von Suttner - chifundo ndi chikondi cha moyo wake, chimene iye anayambitsa banja. Ngakhale kuti Bertha ndi kunyamuka kwa Alfred anakhala kugunda yaikulu, komanso wochezeka makalata mpaka masiku Nobel.

Alfred Nobel ndi Sofi Gess

Ndipo komabe, mu moyo wa Alfred Nobel anali chikondi. 43 zaka wasayansi chibwenzi ndi Sofi Gess 20 wazaka - wogulitsayo wa shopu maluwa, izo anasamuka ku Vienna ku Paris, lendi nyumba pafupi ndi nyumba ndi limakupatsani amawononga iye akufunira. Sophie anali chidwi ndalama zokha. Wokongola komanso wachisomo "Madame Nobel" (monga patchedwa yekha) mwatsoka ali aulesi popanda maphunziro zapadera. Iye anakana kuchita ndi aphunzitsi, chimene iye ganyu Nobel.

Communication wasayansi ndi Sofi Gess inatenga zaka 15, mpaka 1891 - nthawi pamene Sophie anabereka mwana kwa msilikali Chihangare. Alfred Nobel mwamtendere adagawana ndi bwenzi wamng'ono, ndipo ngakhale anamuika iye okhutira yabwino kwambiri. Sophie anakwatira atate mwana wake, koma nthawi zonse mliri Alfred zopempha kuwonjezeka okhutira, pambuyo pa imfa yake tichita, kuopseza ngati kukana kufalitsa makalata ake apamtima. Executors, amene sanafune kuti dzina olemekezeka awo kukupiza manyuzipepala, zokambirana: anagula Sophie makalata komanso matelegalamu Nobel ndi kuchuluka lendi ake.

Kuyambira ndili mwana, Nobel Alfred anali yodziwika ndi amadwaladwala ndipo nthawi kudwala; zisakuyenda iye ankalota mavuto. The dokotala Kwalamulidwa nitroglycerin wasayansi - chochitika ichi (a mtundu wa Izitu n'zovutitsa) zosangalatsa Alfred, amene anapereka moyo wake kwa ntchito ndi thunthu. Alfred Nobel umer10 December 1896 ku Villa ake San Remo ku ubongo haemorrhage. Manda a wasayansi wamkulu lili manda Stockholm a.

Alfred Nobel ndi mphoto yake

Kupeka dynamite Nobel anawona ntchito kuthandiza chitukuko cha chitukuko cha munthu, osati kudzipha nkhondo. Koma chizunzo anayamba pa amenewa atulukira oopsa anakankhira Nobel zoti m'pofunika kusiya ena, zotsalira zofunika kwambiri. Choncho, zatsopano Swedish anaganiza kukhazikitsa atamwalira mwadzina umafunika olembedwa mu 1895 chifuniro, chimene mu thumba mwapadera analenga masamba zambiri za chimaposa cha boma - miliyoni 31 kroons. Ndalama kuchokera ndalama tidzakwatulidwa allocated chaka chilichonse mabonasi kuti anthu amene anabweretsa chaka chatha phindu lalikulu pa anthu. Chidwi mbali 5 n'cholinga wasayansi amene anapanga anapeza zofunika m'munda zimapangidwira, sayansi mabuku, mankhwala ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa, ndi kupanga chopereka kwambiri kuti posungitsa bata dziko.

Special akufuna Alfreda Nobelya anali kulephera kuganizira mtundu wa anthu ofuna.

The mphoto yoyamba ya Alfred Nobel Prize zinachitika mu 1901: anali wasayansi Roentgen Conrad chifukwa chotulukira wake kunyezimira kuti kudziwika ndi dzina lake. Nobel mphoto ndi yapamwamba kwambiri ndi kulemekezedwa ndi mphoto lonse, anali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa chitukuko cha dziko sayansi ndi mabuku.

Komanso mu mbiri sayansi Alfred Nobel, lomwe ndi pangano anakantha asayansi ambiri chifukwa cha kuwolowa manja awo, analowa ngati anatulukira "Nobel" - chinthu mankhwala, dzina lake ulemu. Dzina la wasayansi kwambiri ndi Stockholm Physico-zaumisiri Institute ndi University of Dnepropetrovsk.