The Code loyamba la Chilamulo linasindikizidwa ... Chilamulo 1497 - Mbali. Zotsatira Sudebnik 1497

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XV dziko Russian anakumana ndi chida chatsopano mu mbiri yake. Pa nthawi iyi, Moscow akalonga anayenera kusankha zochita zimene kuthandiza m'chitetezo dziko lonse ndi kuwasunga pamodzi. The Code loyamba la Chilamulo linasindikizidwa makamaka kwa cholinga ichi.

State isanafike kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikalata yofunika

Kuyambira 1132 akuyamba nthawi kusagwirizana mu mbiriyakale Russian. Old Russian boma ndi likulu lake pafupifupi unatha mu Kiev. Ngakhale akalonga ndi kumenyana ufumu wa Kiev, koma kupambana kwawoko sizinatanthauze kuti iwo izikakhala m'dzanja mphamvu pa maiko onse Russian. Posachedwapa Kiev Katundu anali agwidwa, ndi okhala m'mudzi anathamangira ku maiko ena, pali kupeza chipulumutso kuchokera wongosamukasamuka ndi nkhondo.

Mu zinthu pamene m'bale anamenyana ndi mbale wake, ndi mwana wake - atate wake, m'mayiko Russian anali mosavuta mafuko woyendayendawu. M'zaka zimenezi, anakhala ndi mphamvu ya mafuko Mongol-Chitata. Dissociation akalonga Russian ndi kupanda lamulo wamba anathandiza obwerawo ukapolo Old Russian boma kwa zaka zambiri.

M'kupita kwa nthawi, mmizinda anasonkhana mphamvu zokwanira phata la boma latsopano. Chifukwa zaphindu Hrs malo, nzeru zake ndi kuchenjerera akalonga m'dera ndiponso thandizo la Mpingo Orthodox wa Moscow anatha kupambana nkhondoyi.

Moscow akalonga kwa zaka anasonkhana m'mayiko Russian. Nditamaliza kupanga boma latsopano, Ivan III. Mwambowu chilengedwe cha malamulo a imene likanakhalako. Mfumu ankadziwa kufunika izi. The Code loyamba la Chilamulo inafalitsidwa mu 1497.

Ivan III

Ivan anabadwa mu Moscow mu 1440. bambo ake anali Vasily II, dzina Mdima. Atate Ivan nawo feuds kalonga. Ndi pamene ankalandira dzina lake. Pofuna kumana Basil mphamvu ndi mphamvu kumenyana, anagwira ndi kuika maso ace. Basil II sanafe ndipo anatenga mpando wachifumu. Koma anafunikira thandizo.

Wothandizira kukhala mtundu wa munthu amene Vasiliy Temny kukhulupirira komanso nokha. Ivan mwana wake n'kuyamba kulimbikira kuthetsa mavuto onse kuyambira zaka 16. zaka 6 zitachitika izi, Vasiliy Temny anafa.

Ivan III anayenera Ufumuyo m'mayiko awo Novgorod, Tver ndi ena ambiri m'gawo wolemera. Izo zinatha kazembe wa boma chonse cha Russian. Ndipo anali naye panali kusintha kasamalidwe, umene kudziwa mbiri ya Lathu kwa zaka zambiri.

Pambuyo kuzikwirira mkazi wake woyamba, Ivan III akufuna kukwatira kachiwiri. nthawi ino yokha wake wosankhidwa akukhala mphwanga wa otsiriza Byzantine wolamulira Sofya Paleolog. Mukamaliza zokambirana yaitali, iye akadzafika mu Moscow ndipo anakhala mkazi wa kazembe Russian.

M'nthawi analemba kuti Sofia anali wochenjera kwambiri ndi mkazi mwachinyengo. Iye mukopedwe mwamuna wake ndipo anamuuza kuti yekha njira Byzantine moyo angatchedwe yekha yolondola imodzi. Kulankhula mkazi ankakonda Ivan III, chifukwa posachedwapa atakwatirana, iye anavomereza kuti asinthe.

Byzantine bwalo yodziwika ndi chimwambo ndi chuma zinthu. Mwambo, imene nzika anavomereza wochepa poyerekezera ndi mfumu, atakwezedwa wolamulira ndipo anatsindika linauziridwa ndi Mulungu wa mphamvu zake. Pambuyo pa ukwati ndi Sofey Paleolog, Ivan III anakhazikitsa malamulo womwewo ndi dziko lakwawo. Kuwonjezera mwambo inalandidwa ndi chovala manja Byzantium. Ivan III ndi ana ake tsopano ankaona zokometsera chachikulu cha chikhulupiriro Orthodox, nyumba ya Byzantium.

kuteteza miyambo

Ivan III adaganiza kuti kuyesera ndi kusintha mu mwambo okhazikika bwino wochita ndale zoweta. Ambiri mwa malamulo womulera m'mbuyomu anasunga linakhalapo. Mwa anthu kunapezeka kuti "kudyetsa". Pa azingokhala Kievan Lazaro mu malo maukulu angapo ang'onoang'ono, amene amasiyana kukula ndi chuma. Ambiri a atsogoleri awa ndi kusamalira m'madera awo ena anali atayankhula ndi boyars lapansi.

Ngati dzikolo linali lalikulu kwambiri kusamalira iwo okha, Prince anatumiza akuluakulu wake. Sayenera kulandira malipiro, koma Komabe, kutsogozedwa ndi moyo womasuka: analoledwa kupeza chuma m'mayiko kuwamvera. Abwanamkubwa mopanda manyazi mundilanda wamba ndiponso amisiri. Iwo anali ndi ufulu kutenga msonkho waukulu mu mawonekedwe a ndalama ndi chakudya.

Code la Chilamulo 1497 anakhalabe "kudyetsa", ngakhale kuti anachititsa manyazi zikuluzikulu wamba lapansi. Koma pambuyo buku la za malamulo choikidwacho kukula awo enieni, upambana palibe amene angathe.

Khoti Kuthi malamulo

Polenga Code loyamba la Chilamulo, Ivan III analamula kuti mwapadera linaperekedwa kuti malamulo ndi Kuthi. Chifukwa mu chikalata ichi padera amatchula amene ndi kusankha.

Adzaweruzidwa boyars, ogwira ndi clerks. Zikatero, ngati zachiwawa kwambiri, ndipo zinali zovuta kuthetsa, khoti amaperekera Grand Duke yekha.

The Code loyamba la Chilamulo linasindikizidwa komanso pofuna chilungamo cha chilango, chifukwa malamulo woyamba ndi ziphuphu kuyamba. Oweruza akuletsedwa kulandira mphatso ndi ndalama kwa ophunzira mu Kuthi ndi kusankha mogwirizana ndi zokonda.

Kukachitika kuti zinali zovuta kudziwa amene ali olondola ndi omwe ali cholakwika, khoti chiwonetsero. Pofuna kudziwa zotsatira za mlanduwo, ndi odandaula ndi wotsutsana zida kumenyana wina ndi mzake bola ngati mmodzi wa iwo amalandira. Komabe, palibe ophunzira analibe kufa. Pamakhala anthu apadera. Kukachitika kuti wina mwa magulu sanathe kulimbana (akazi, anthu achikulire, olumala), iye anali kupeza munthu amene avomera kuti kuteteza zofuna zake.

chilango

Code la Chilamulo 1497 ndipo munali mndandanda wa zilango amene poyera kuti zigawenga. Kuyambira tsopano, anthu a boma analibe ufulu kudzimvera amasonyeza chilungamo ndi kulanga olakwa. Komanso inaletsedwa magazi wosamwerana madzi.

Choyamba anaonekera mwa zilango za chilango cha imfa. Apamwamba osachepera anavumbula amachirikiza kupha, anachita kuwotcha dala, kulemekeza zinthu zopatulika, ndi zina zotero .. Komanso, chilango amene kachiwiri anachita kuba. Pakuti chigawenga choyamba kumenyedwa ndi zikwapu pabwalopo, kotero kuti anthu ambiri ndaona manyazi mungathe.

Zikatero, ngati vinyo pang'ono umboni, koma mwamunayo anakana izo, Chilamulo cha 1497 ovomerezeka ntchito wozunzikirapo. njira yodalirika kuvomereza iyawonekambo kwa nthawi yoyamba.

wamba

kugawikana pacimake ndi kupondereza Mongol-Chitata bwanji wamba. Ena atatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo, pamene ena - aphedwe. Pokhapokha Mongol-Chitata anabwerera, boma pang'onopang'ono panauka ku phulusa.

Pa nthawi imeneyi, pamene Code loyamba la Chilamulo linakhazikitsidwa, pali kale anali yozungulira wamba. Iwo ankatchedwa akapolo, amene zinthu sanali osiyana ndi udindo wa akapolo m'mayiko ena. Iwo anataya ufulu wawo wa anthu amene alibe njira kutsogolera moyo palokha kapena atengedwa ukaidi panthawi ya nkhondo. Kukhala kapolo, munthu likupita ukapolo ana awo onse. Zimenezi ndi wobadwa nawo, ndi mtumiki mwanayo anali kapolo, ngakhale bambo ake anali munthu ufulu.

alimi ubwenzi ndi nzika kuti Sudebnik 1497

Pamaso, pamene Code loyamba la Chilamulo linasindikizidwa, wamba (osati akapolo) anali ndi ufulu wopita ku mwininyumba wina ndi mzake. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake pa dziko mlimi walandira ngongole mu mawonekedwe a mbewu, zida ndi ndalama. Ena nzika kupereka antchito awo ndi nyumba.

Pakuti ngongole ya mlimi anayenera kudzala mbewu, kusamalira zomera ndi zokolola, kuti ndiye am'bwezere mwininyumba lapansi. Koma palibe chimene chikanakhoza kumuletsa iye kupita patsogolo mbewu ndi kukolola. Pamenepo mwininyumba anali mwamsanga kuyang'ana kwa anthu amene avomera kuti kukolola, kupewa anakhumudwitsa zomvetsa kwambiri. Nzika ankafunitsitsa Chilamulo 1497 kudzudzulidwa kupanda chilungamo kumeneku.

tsiku St. George

Ivan III sanathe kunyalanyaza vutoli. Chifukwa Sudebnik izo anaonekera chiletso woyamba, umene nkhawa wamba.

Kukhazikitsidwa Sudebnik atakhazikitsa nthawi imene ankatha kusuntha kwa mwininyumba wina ndi mzake. Anayamba nthawi ya sabata pamaso Tsiku St. George (26 October) ndi sabata pambuyo. Pa nthawi imeneyi mbewu ndi kukolola, alimi angathe kulipira okalamba (malipiro a malawi mu dziko lachirendo, ntchito zida zina za ntchito) kuti mwininyumba ndi kusuntha kwa wina.

Siyense ankakonda kukonzanso uku. Chifukwa alimi ena umwana Sudebnik anathawira ku Don, amene anapanga dziko wapadera - ndi Cossacks.

Tanthauzo la bukuli

Chilamulo - si gulu malamulo, komanso kusonyeza moyo wankhanza wa anthu Russian pa nthawi. Ndi chifukwa chikalata ichi, kuphunzira ndi moyo kwa anthu a boma.

Pa nkhondo ya Chitata ikuchepa anabwera chikhalidwe cha Old Russian boma. Ngati isanafike wa wongosamukasamuka anthu Russian zikhoza kuganiziridwa imodzi mwa kulemba kwambiri ku Ulaya, zaka zambiri, zinthu zinasintha. Komanso kuponderezana Chitata anasintha maganizo a Russian anthu, amene angathe kuona Sudebnik.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Sudebnik woyamba zimatanthauza zikamera ya chilango cha imfa, wozunzikirapo. Chiwopsezo pakhala ngati chilango chokhwima kwa upandu. Ndipo zaka zidzakhala chabe ya mtundu wawo.

The Bolsheviks, kufotokoza zotsatira Sudebnik 1497, ankaganiza kuti ndiye amene anayamba ntchito yaukapolo wamba. Koma iwo anali kulakwitsa. Ngakhale zinali zochepa kusintha osauka kwa mwininyumba wina ndi mzake, mfundo imeneyi sitinganene kuti nyengo yachisanu ikupita kwa serfdom. Iwo anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe pamene wolowa a Ivan III. A zimafika Pambuyo pa kusintha kwa Alexander II - nthumwi ina ya mafumu kulamulira.

The Code loyamba la Chilamulo linayambitsidwa pofuna kuthetsa moyo wa boma latsopano likulu lake mu Moscow. Chikalata kwa nthawi yoyamba pali malamulo atsopano, ena mwa iwo anaitenga choonadi Russian - kuika woyamba wa malamulo. Koma malamulo onse amene amaimira woyamba Russian Code la chilamulo, ali chinyezimiro cha moyo wovuta wa dziko Russian, ndi atachira gori la Chitata.