The yozizira koopsa kutentha kwa madzi - ???

Madzi ... kotani cha mawu amenewa. Nthawi zina kwambiri ndikufuna kusintha mu njira iyi ndakatulo! Ndithudi, madzi - lofanana ndi moyo. mawu Izi ndi zoona kwa anthu okhala ku gombe nyanja, ndi kwa anthu a chipululu. Katundu wa madzi zaka masauzande ambiri a kuli sayansi kufufuza m'litali ndi m'mimba. Zingatanthauze kuti kanthu yatsala osadziwika, koma ... tiyeni kuthana ndi ichi, monga, njira yosavuta ngati yozizira koopsa mfundo za madzi.

Aliyense akudziwa kuti kuwira mfundo ndi yozizira koopsa mfundo ya madzi ndi mfundo anasankha 1742 ndi Anders Celsius kulenga kutentha anu lonse, atakambirana m'mayiko ambiri a dziko. Koma pali madzi zithupsa pa zana madigiri ndi amaundana pa ziro? Ayi, si nthawi zonse. Pali magawo ambiri amene angasinthe manambala awa. Tiyeni tiyambe kuyambira pachiyambi.

Choyamba, yozizira koopsa mfundo ya madzi ndi madigiri ziro yekha pa kuthamanga yachibadwa mumlengalenga, zimene kuthamanga ankaganiza mu millimeters mazana asanu ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi Mercury. Ndi kutsitsa yozizira koopsa kutentha kwa ukuwonjezeka madzi kuthamanga ndi kutentha kuwira - yafupika. Pamene kuthamanga - onse zosiyana.

Kachiwiri, woipa mkulu salt amapanga madzi zoposa "kugonjetsedwa" ozizira. The yozizira koopsa mfundo za m'nyanja madzi mchere ndi nyanja - mozungulira awiri madigiri pansi pa ziro Celsius. Anthu nyanja amenewa kuposa ambiri amaundana pa kutentha akadali m'munsi.

Ndi odziwika bwino zachilengedwe madzi - sakanikira mankhwala. Inde mkango gawo (peresenti kuposa nainte-naini) wa madzi imagwera pa mitundu mankhwala amene amaimira zonena H2O. Koma pali gawo la madzi achilengedwe komanso otchedwa "katundu" madzi, ndipo ngakhale "wapamwamba-lolemera". Mbali yoyamba, madzi molekyulu m'malo maatomu wa hydrogen awiri alipo maatomu awiri isotope deuterium ake ngati chachiwiri - tritium. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, zili deuterium ndi tritium mu madzi ndi otsika kwambiri zimakhudzanso likuwonongekera munthu kapena nyama. Koma deuterium woyera akusonyeza otsika katundu kawopsedwe. Koma tritium, chinthu nyukiliya pokhala nawo mawonekedwe kuikapo maganizo oopsa basi. Koma, mwamwayi, mu chikhalidwe ichi kokha anapeza mu mawonekedwe anamwazikana.

madzi Tritiated ndi deuterium ndi thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wosiyana alipidwa, "wathu" madzi. Deuterium madzi amaundana pa madigiri 3,81 Celsius (pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga) ndi zithupsa pa madigiri 101,43. Mu madzi tritiated, Chiwerengerochi amasiyana pang'ono: ndi yozizira koopsa kufika 1,25 ndi otentha kutentha kwa 101,6 madigiri Celsius.

Katundu wa madzi, yooneka ngati yosavuta mankhwala pawiri anaphunzira ali kutali wathunthu. Japanese Masaru mukuphunzira, iye anati, ngakhale nkhani ya madzi. Iye akukhulupirira kuti madzi amachitira nyimbo ndi mphamvu chibadidwe mawu. Ndipo ngakhale pa cholemba! Izi bwino ankati kuonekera pambuyo kuzizira madzi mu mawonekedwe timibulu chifukwa. N'zochititsa chidwi kuona kuti mawu akuti "inu kupusitsa" ndi kusewera nyimbo pa "heavy metal" kalembedwe madzi amachitira chimodzimodzi, koma mawu "zikomo" iye amagwirizana ndi mndandanda wa ntchito kwa harpsichord "Goldberg yofanana" Ioganna Sebastyana Bach.